Network Working Group G. Malkin
Request for Comments: 1251 FTP Software, Inc.
FYI: 9 August 1991
Who's Who in the Internet
Biographies of IAB, IESG and IRSG Members
Status of this Memo
This FYI RFC contains biographical information about members of the
Internet Activities Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and the
the Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG) of the Internet Research
Task Force (IRTF).
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................... 2
2. Acknowledgements................................................ 2
3. Request for Biographies......................................... 2
4. Biographies
4.1 Robert Braden.............................................. 3
4.2 Hans-Werner Braun.......................................... 5
4.3 Ross Callon................................................ 9
4.4 Vinton Cerf................................................ 9
4.5 Noel Chiappa...............................................12
4.6 Lyman Chapin...............................................12
4.7 David Clark................................................13
4.8 Stephen Crocker............................................14
4.9 James R. Davin.............................................16
4.10 Russell Hobby..............................................17
4.11 Christian Huitema..........................................18
4.12 Stephen Kent...............................................19
4.13 Anthony G. Lauck...........................................19
4.14 Barry Leiner...............................................21
4.15 Daniel C. Lynch............................................22
4.16 Jonathan B. Postel.........................................23
4.17 Joyce K. Reynolds..........................................24
4.18 Gregory Vaudreuil..........................................25
5. Security Considerations.........................................26
6. Author's Address................................................26
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1. Introduction
There are thousands of networks in the internet. There are tens of
thousands of host machines. There are hundreds of thousands of
users. It takes a great deal of effort to manage the resources and
protocols which make the Internet possible. Sites may have people
who get paid to manage their hardware and software. But the
infrastructure of the Internet is managed by volunteers who spend
considerable portions of their valued time to keep the people
connected.
Hundreds of people attend the three IETF meetings each year. They
represent the government, the military, research institutions,
educational institutions, and vendors from all over the world. Most
of them are volunteers; people who attend the meetings to learn and
to contribute what they know. There are a few very special people
who deserve special notice. These are the people who sit on the IAB,
IESG, and IRSG. Not only do they spend time at the meetings, but
they spend additional time to organize them. They are the IETF's
interface to other standards bodies and to the funding institutions.
Without them, the IETF, indeed the whole Internet, would not be
possible.
2. Acknowledgements
In addition to the people who took the time to write their
biographies so that I could compile them into this FYI RFC, I would
like to give special thanks to Joyce K. Reynolds (whose biography is
in here) for her help in creating the biography request message and
for being such a good sounding board for me.
3. Request for Biographies
In mid-February, I sent the following message to the members of the
IAB, IESG and IRSG. It is their responses to this message that I
have compiled in this FYI RFC.
The ARPANET is 20 years old. The next meeting of the IETF in St.
Louis this coming March will be the 20th plenary. It is a good
time to credit the people who help make the Internet possible. I
am sending this request to the current members of the IAB, the
IRSG, and the IESG. At some future time, I would like to expand
the number of people to be included. For now, however, I am
limiting inclusion to members of the groups listed above.
I would like to ask you to submit to me your biography. I intend
to compile the bios submitted into an FYI RFC to be published
before the next IETF meeting. In order to maintain some
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consistency, I would like to have the bios contain three
paragraphs. The first paragraph should contain your bio, second
should be your school affiliation & other interests, and the third
should contain your opinion of how the Internet has grown. Of
course, if there is anything else you would like to say, please
feel free. The object is to let the very large user community
know about the people who give them what they have.
4. Biographies
The biographies are in alphabetical order. The contents have not
been edited; only the formating has been changed.
4.1 Robert Braden, IAB Executive Director
Bob Braden joined the networking research group at ISI in
1986. Since thenf, he has been supported by NSF for research
concerning NSFnet, and by DARPA for protocol research. Tasks
have included designing the statspy program for collecting
NSFnet statistics, editing the Host Requirements RFCs, and
coordinating the DARPA Research Testbed network DARTnet. His
research interests generally include end-to-end protocols,
especially in the transport and network (Internet) layers.
Braden came to ISI from UCLA, where he had worked 16 of the
preceding 18 years for the campus computing center. There he
had technical responsibility for attaching the first
supercomputer (IBM 360/91) to the ARPAnet, beginning in 1970.
Braden was active in the ARPAnet Network Working Group,
contributing to the design of the FTP protocol in particular.
In 1975, he began to receive direct DARPA funding for
installing the 360/91 as a "tool-bearing host" in the
National Software Works. In 1978, he became a member of the
TCP Internet Working Group and began developing a TCP/IP
implementation for the IBM system. As a result, UCLA's
360/91 was one of the ARPAnet host systems that replaced NCP
by TCP/IP in the big changeover of January 1983. The UCLA
package of ARPAnet host software, including Braden's TCP/IP
code, was distributed to other OS/MVS sites and was later
sold commercially.
Braden spent 1981-1982 in the Computer Science Department of
University College London. At that time, he wrote the first
Telnet/XXX relay system connecting the Internet with the UK
academic X.25 network. In 1981, Braden was invited to join
the ICCB, an organization that became the IAB, and has been
an IAB member ever since. When IAB task forces were formed
in 1986, he created and still chairs the End-to-End Task
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Force (now Research Group).
Braden has been in the computer field for 40 years this year.
Prior to UCLA, he worked at Stanford and at Carnegie Tech.
He has taught programming and operating systems courses at
Carnegie Tech, Stanford, and UCLA. He received a Bachelor of
Engineering Physics from Cornell in 1957, and an MS in
Physics from Stanford in 1962.
------------
Regardless of the ancient Chinese curse, living through
interesting times is not always bad.
For me, participation in the development of the ARPAnet and
the Internet protocols has been very exciting. One important
reason it worked, I believe, is that there were a lot of very
bright people all working more or less in the same direction,
led by some very wise people in the funding agency. The
result was to create a community of network researchers who
believed strongly that collaboration is more powerful than
competition among researchers. I don't think any other model
would have gotten us where we are today. This world view
persists in the IAB, and is reflected in the informal
structure of the IAB, IETF, and IRTF.
Nevertheless, with growth and success (plus subtle policy
shifts in Washington), the prevailing mode may be shifting
towards competition, both commercial and academic. To
develop protocols in a commercially competitive world, you
need elaborate committee structures and rules. The action
then shifts to the large companies, away from small companies
and universities. In an academically competitive world, you
don't develop any (useful) protocols; you get 6 different
protocols for the same objective, each with its research
paper (which is the "real" output). This results in
efficient production of research papers, but it may not
result in the kind of intellectual consensus necessary to
create good and useful communication protocols.
Being a member of the IAB is sometimes very frustrating. For
some years now we have been painfully aware of the scaling
problems of the Internet, and since 1982 have lived through a
series of mini-disasters as various limits have been
exceeded. We have been saying that "getting big" is probably
a more urgent (and perhaps more difficult) research problem
than "getting fast", but it seems difficult to persuade
people of the importance of launching the kind of research
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program we think is necessary to learn how to deal with
Internet growth.
It is very hard to figure out when the exponential growth is
likely to stop, or when, if ever, the fundamental
architectural model of the Internet will be so out of kilter
with reality that it will cease be useful. Ask me again in
ten years.
4.2 Hans-Werner Braun, IAB Member
Hans-Werner Braun joined the San Diego Supercomputer Center
as a Principal Scientist in January 1991. In his initial
major responsibility as Co-Principal Investigator of, and
Executive Committee member on the CASA gigabit network
research project he is working on networking efforts beyond
the problems of todays computer networking infrastructure.
Between April 1983 and January 1991 he worked at the
University of Michigan and focused on operational
infrastructure for the Merit Computer Network and the
University of Michigan's Information Technology Division.
Starting out with the networking infrastructure within the
State of Michigan he started to investigate into TCP/IP
protocols and became very involved in the early stages of the
NSFNET networking efforts. He was Principal Investigator on
the NSFNET backbone project since the NSFNET award went to
Merit in November 1987 and managed Merit's Internet
Engineering group. Between April 1978 and April 1983 Hans-
Werner Braun worked at the Regional Computing Center of the
University of Cologne in West Germany on network engineering
responsibilities for the regional and local network.
In March 1978 Hans-Werner Braun graduated in West Germany and
holds a Diploma in Engineering with a major in Information
Processing. He is a member of the Association of Computing
Machinery (ACM) and its Special Interest Group on
Communications, the Institute of Electrical and Electronical
Engineers (IEEE) as well as the IEEE Computer Society and the
IEEE Communications Society and the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the National
Science Foundation's Network Program Advisory Group (NPAG)
and in particular its Technical Committee (NPAG-TC) between
November 1986 and late 1987, at which time the NPAG got
resolved. He also chaired the Technical Committee of the
National Science Foundation's Network Program Advisory Group
(NPAG-TC) starting in February 1987. Prior to the
organizational change of the JvNCnet he participated in the
JvNCnet Network Technical Advisory Committee (NTAC) of the
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John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center. While working
as Principal Investigator on the NSFNET project at Merit, he
chaired the NSFNET Network Technical Committee, created to
aid Merit with the NSFNET project. Hans-Werner Braun is a
member of the Engineering Planning Group of the Federal
Networking Council (FEPG) since its beginnings in early 1989,
a member of the Internet Activities Board (IAB), the Internet
Engineering Task Force. He had participated in an earlier,
informal, version of the Internet Engineering Steering Group
and the then existing Internet Architecture Task Force. While
at Merit, Hans-Werner Braun was also Principal Investigator
on NSF projects for the "Implementation and Management of
Improved Connectivity Between NSFNET and CA*net" and for
"Coordinating Routing for the NSFNET," the latter at the time
of the old 56kbps NSFNET backbone network that he was quite
intimately involved with.
------------
The growth of the Internet can be measured in many ways and I
can only try to find some examples.
o Network number counts
There were days where being "connected to net 10" was the
Greatest Thing Ever. A time where the Internet just
consisted of a few networks centered around the ARPAnet and
where growing above 100 network numbers seemed excessive.
Todays number of networks in the global infrastructure
exceeds 2000 connected networks, and many more if isolated
network islands get included.
o Traffic growth
The Internet has undergone a dramatic increase in traffic
over the last few years. The NSFNET backbone can be used as
an example here, where in August 1988 about 194 million
packets got injected into the network, which had increased to
about 396 million packets per month by the end of the year,
to reach about 4.8 billion packets in December 1990. January
1991 yielded close to 5.9 billion packets as sent into the
NSFNET backbone.
o Internet Engineering Task Force participation
The early IETF, after it spun off the old GADS, included
about 20 or so people. I remember a meeting a few people had
with Mike Corrigan several years ago. Mike then chaired the
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IETF before Phill Gross became chair and the discussion was
had about permitting the "NSFNET crowd" to join the IETF.
Mike finally agreed and the IETF started to explode in size,
now including many working groups and several hundred
members, including vendors and phone companies.
o International infrastructure
At some point of time the Internet was centric around the US
with very little international connectivity. The
international connectivity was for network research purposes,
just like the US domestic component at that point of time.
Today's Internet stretches to so many countries that it can
be considered close to global in scope, in particular as more
and more international connections to, as well as Internet
infrastructure within, other countries are happening.
o References in trade journals
Many trade journals just a year or two ago had close to no
mention of the Internet. Today references to the Internet
appear in many journals and press releases from a variety of
places.
o Articles in professional papers
Publications like ACM SIGCOMM show increased interest for
Internet related professional papers, compared to a few years
ago. Also the publication rate of the Request For Comments
(RFC) series is quite impressive.
o Congressional and Senatorial visibility
A few years ago the Internet was "just a research project."
Today's dramatically increased visibility in result of the
Internet success allows Congress as well as Senators to play
lead roles in pushing the National Research and Education
Network (NREN) agenda forward, which is also fostered by the
executive branch. In the context of the US federal government
the real credit should go to DARPA, though, for starting to
prototype advanced networking, leading to the Internet about
twenty years ago and over time opening it up more and more to
the science and research community until more operational
efforts were able to move the network to a real
infrastructure in support of science, research and education
at large. This really allowed NSF to make NSFNET happen.
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o Funding
The Internet funding initially consisted of DARPA efforts.
Agencies like NSF, NASA, DOE and others started to make major
contributions later. Industrial participation helped moving
the network forward as well. Very major investments have been
made by campuses and research institutions to create local
infrastructure. Operational infrastructure comes at a high
cost, especially if ubiquity, robustness and high performance
are required.
o Research and continued development
The Internet has matured from a network research oriented
environment to an operational infrastructure supporting
research, science and education at large. However, even
though for many people the Internet is an environment
supporting their day-to-day work, the Internet at its current
level of technology is supported by a culture of people that
cooperates in a largely non-competitive environment. Many
times already the size of the routing tables or the amount of
traffic or the insufficiency of routing exchange protocols,
just to name examples, have broken connectivity with many
people being interrupted in their day-to-day work. Global
Internet management and problem resolution further hamper
fast recovery from certain incidents. It is unproven that the
current technology will survive in a competitive but
unregulated environment, with uncoordinated routing policies
and global network management being just two of the major
issues here. Furthermore, while frequently comments are
being made where the publicly available monthly increases in
traffic figures would not justify moving to T3 or even
gigabit per second networks, it should be pointed out that
monthly figures are very macroscopic views. Much of the
Internet traffic is very bursty and we have frequently seen
an onslaught of traffic towards backbone nodes if one looks
at it over fairly short intervals of time. For example, for
specific applications that, perhaps in real-time, require an
occasional exchange of massive amounts of data. It is
important that we are prepared for more widespread use of
such applications, once people are able to use things more
sophisticated than Telnet, FTP and SMTP. I am not sure
whether the amount of research and development efforts on the
Internet has increased over time, less even kept pace with
the general Internet growth (by whatever definition). I do
not believe that the Internet is a finished product at this
point of time and there is a lot of room for further
evolution.
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4.3 Ross Callon, IETF OSI Integration Area Co-director
Ross Callon is a member of the Distributed Systems
Architecture staff at Digital Equipment Corporation in
Littleton Massachusetts. He is working on issues related to
OSI -- TCP/IP interoperation and introduction of OSI in the
Internet. He is the primary author of the Integrated IS-IS
protocol (RFC1195), and has also worked on guidelines for
allocation of NSAP addresses in the Internet. Mr Callon is
the co-area director for the OSI area of the IETF, chair of
the IETF IS-IS working group, and co-chair of the IETF OSI-
General working group.
Previous to joining DEC, Mr Callon was with Bolt Beranek and
Newman, where he worked on OSI Standards, Network Management,
Routing Protocols and other router-related issues.
Mr Callon received a Bachelor of Science degree in
Mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and a Master of Science degree in Operations Research from
Stanford University.
------------
During eleven years of involvement with the Internet
community it has been exciting to see the explosive growth in
data communications from a relatively obscure technology to a
technology in widespread everyday use. For the future, I am
interested in transition to a world-wide multi-protocol
Internet. This requires scaling to several orders of
magnitude larger than the current Internet, and also requires
a greater emphasis on reliability and ease of use.
4.4 Dr. Vinton Cerf, IAB Chairman
1960-1965, summer jobs with various divisions of North
American Aviation (Now Rockwell International): Rocketdyne,
Atomics International, Autonetics, Space and Information
Systems Division.
1965-1967, systems engineer, IBM, Los Angeles Data Center.
Ran and maintained the QUIKTRAN interactive, on-line Fortran
service.
1967-1972, various programming positions at UCLA, largely
involved with ARPANET protocol development and network
measurement center and computer performance measurements.
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1972-1976, Assistant Professor of Computer Science and
Electrical Engineering, Stanford University. Did research on
networking, developed TCP/IP protocols for internetting under
DARPA research grant.
1976-1982, Program Manager and Principal Scientist,
Information Processing Techniques Office, DARPA. Managed the
Internetting, Packet Technology and Network Security
programs.
1982-1986, Vice President of Engineering, MCI Digital
Information Services Company. Developed MCI Mail system.
1986-present, Vice President, Corporation for National
Research Initiatives. Responsible for Internet, Digital
Library and Electronic Mail system interconnection research
programs.
Stanford University, 1965 (math) B.S. UCLA, 1970, 1972
(computer science) M.S. and Ph.D.
1972-1976, founding chairman of the International Network
Working Group (INWG) which became IFIP Working Group 6.1.
1979-1982, ex officio member of ICCB (predecessor to the
Internet Activities Board), member of IAB from 1986-1989 and
chairman from 1989-1991.
1967-present, member of ACM; chairman of LA SIGART 1968-1969;
chairman ACM SIGCOMM 1987-1991; at-large member ACM Council,
1991-1993.
1972-present, member of Sigma Xi.
1977-present, member of IEEE; Fellow, 1988.
------------
The Internet started as a focused DARPA research effort to
develop a capability to link computers across multiple,
internally diverse packet networks. The successful evolution
of this technology through 4 versions, demonstration on
ARPANET, mobile packet radio nets, the Atlantic SATNET and
at-sea MATNET provided the basis for formal mandating of the
TCP/IP protocols for use on ARPANET and other DoD systems in
1983. By the mid-1980's, a market had been established for
software and hardware supporting these protocols, largely
triggered by the Ethernet and other LAN phenomena, coupled
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with the rapid proliferation of UNIX-based systems which
incorporated the TCP/IP protocols as part of the standard
release package. Concurrent with the development of a market
and rapid increase in vendor interest, government agencies in
addition to DoD began applying the technology to their needs,
culminating in the formation of the Federal Research Internet
Coordinating Committee which has now evolved into the Federal
Networking Council, in the U.S. At the same time, similar
rapid growth of TCP/IP technology application is occurring
outside the US in Europe, the Middle East, the Pacific Rim,
Eurasia, Australia, South and Central America and, to a
limited extent, Africa. The internationalization of the
Internet has spawned new organizational foci such as the
Coordinating Committee for International Research Networking
(CCIRN) and heightened interest in commercial provision of IP
services (e.g. in Finland, the U.S., the U.K. and elsewhere).
The Internet has also become the basis for a proposed
National Research and Education Network (NREN) in the U.S.
It's electronic messaging system has been linked to the major
U.S. commercial email carriers and to other major private
electronic mail services such as Bitnet (in the US, EARN in
Europe) as well as UUNET (in the U.S.) and EUNET (in Europe).
The Bitnet and UUCP-based systems are international in scope
and complement the Internet system in terms of email
connectivity.
With the introduction of OSI capability (in the form of CLNP)
into important parts of the Internet (such as the NSFNET
backbone and selected intermediate level networks), a path
has been opened to support the use of multiple protocol
suites in the Internet. Many of the vendor routers/gateways
support TCP/IP, OSI and a variety of vendor-specific
protocols in a common network environment.
In the U.S., regional Bell Operating Company carriers are
planning the introduction of Switched Multimegabit Data
Services and Frame Relay services which can support TCP/IP
and other Internet protocols. On the research side, DARPA and
the NSF are supporting a major initiative in gigabit speed
networking, towards which the NREN is aimed.
The Internet is a grand collaboration of over 5000 networks
involving millions of users, hundreds of thousands of hosts
and dozens of countries around the world. It may well do for
computers what the telephone system has done for people:
provided a means for international interchange of information
which is blind to nationality, proprietary interests, and
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hardware platform specifics.
4.5 Noel Chiappa, IETF Internet Services Area Director
Noel Chiappa is currently an independent inventor working in
the area of computer networks and system software. His
principal occupation, however, is his service as the Area
Director for Internet Services of the Steering Group of the
Internet Engineering Task Force.
His primary current research interest is in the area of
routing and addressing architectures for very large scale
(globally ubiquitous and larger) internetworks, but he is
generally interested in the problems of the packet layer of
internetworking; i.e. everything involved in getting traffic
from one host to another anywhere in the internetwork. As a
with many novel features intended for use in large
programming projects with many source and header files.
He has been a member of the TCP/IP Working Group and its
successors (up to the IETF) since 1977. He was a member of
the Research Staff at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology from 1977-1982 and 1984-1986. While at MIT he
worked on packet switching and local area networks, and was
responsible for the conception of the multi-protocol backbone
and the multi-protocol router. After leaving MIT he worked
with a number of companies, including Proteon, to bring
networking products based on work done at MIT to the public.
He attended Phillips Andover Academy and MIT. He was born
and bred in Bermuda.
His outside interests include study and collection of antique
racing cars (principally Lotuses), reading (particularly
political and military history and biographies), landscape
gardening (particularly Japanese), and study of Oriental rugs
(particularly Turkoman tribal rugs) and Oriental antiques
(particularly Japanese lacquerware and Chinese archaic
jades).
4.6 Lyman Chapin, IAB Member
Lyman Chapin graduated from Cornell University in 1973 with a
B.A. in Mathematics, and spent the next two years writing
COBOL applications for Systems & Programs (NZ) Ltd. in Lower
Hutt, New Zealand. After a year travelling in Australia and
Asia, he joined the newly-formed Networking group at Data
General Corporation in 1977. At DG, he was responsible for
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the development of software for distributed resource
management (operating-system embedded RPC), distributed
database management, X.25-based local and wide- area
networks, and OSI-based transport, internetwork, and routing
functions for DG's open-system products. In 1987 he formed
the Distributed Systems Architecture group, and was
responsible for the development of DG's Distributed
Application Architecture (DAA) and for the specification of
the directory and management services of DAA. He moved to
Bolt, Beranek & Newman in 1990 as the Chief Network Architect
in BBN's Communications Division, where he serves as a
consultant to the Systems Architecture group and the
coordinator for BBN's open system standards activities. He
is the chairman of ANSI-accredited task group X3S3.3,
responsible for Network and Transport layer standards, since
1982; vice-chairman of the ACM Special Interest Group on
Data Communications (SIGCOMM) since 1985; and a member of
the Internet Activities Board (IAB) since 1989. He lives
with his wife and two young daughters in Hopkinton,
Massachusetts.
------------
I started out in 1977 working with X.25 networks, and began
working on OSI in 1979 - first the architecture (the OSI
Reference Model), and then the transport and internetwork
protocol specifications. It didn't take long to recognize
the basic irony of OSI standards development: there we were,
solemnly anointing international standards for networking,
and every time we needed to send electronic mail or exchange
files, we were using the TCP/IP-based Internet! I've been
looking for ways to overcome this anomaly ever since; to
inject as much of the proven TCP/IP technology into OSI as
possible, and to introduce OSI into an ever more pervasive
and worldwide Internet. It is, to say the least, a
challenge!
4.7 Dr. David Clark, IAB Member, IRTF Chairman
David Clark works at the M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer
Science, where he is a Senior Research Scientist. His current
research involves protocols for high speed and very large
networks, in particular the problems of routing and flow and
congestion control. He is also working on integration of
video into packet networks. Prior to this effort, he
developed a new implementation approach for network software,
and an operating system (Swift) to demonstrate this concept.
Earlier projects include the token ring LAN and the Multics
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operating system. He joined the TCP development effort in
1975, and chaired the IAB from 1981 to 1990. He has a
continuing interest in protocol performance. He is also
active in the area of computer and communications security.
David Clark received his BSEE from Swarthmore College in
1966, and his MS and PhD from MIT, the latter in 1973. He has
worked at MIT since then.
------------
It is not proper to think of networks as connecting
computers. Rather, they connect people using computers to
mediate. The great success of the internet is not technical,
but in human impact. Electronic mail may not be a wonderful
advance in Computer Science, but it is a whole new way for
people to communicate. The continued growth of the Internet
is a technical challenge to all of us, but we must never
loose sight of where we came from, the great change we have
worked on the larger computer community, and the great
potential we have for future change.
4.8 Dr. Stephen Crocker, IETF Security Area Director
Currently I'm vice president of Trusted Information Systems,
Inc. which I joined in late 1986. I set up TIS' Los Angeles
office and ran it until summer 1989 when I moved to the home
office in Maryland. At TIS my primary concerns are program
verification research and application, integration of
cryptography with trusted systems, network security, and new
applications for networks and trusted systems.
I was at the Aerospace Corporation from 1981-86 as Director
of the Information Sciences Research Office which later
became the Computer Science Laboratory. The research program
at Aerospace included networks, program verification,
artificial intelligence, applications of expert systems, and
parallel processing.
From 1974-81 I was a researcher at USC's Information Sciences
Institute, where I focused primarily on program verification.
From 1971-74 I was a program manager at DARPA/IPTO (now
ISTO). I was responsible for the research programs in
artificial intelligence, automatic programming, speech
understanding, and some parts of the network research. I
also initiated an ambitious but somewhat ill-fated venture
called the National Software Works.
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From 1968-71 I was a graduate student in the UCLA Computer
Science Department. While there I initiated the Network
Working Group, arguably the forerunner of the IETF and many
related groups around the world, and helped define the
original suite of protocols for the Arpanet. I also
initiated the Request for Comments (RFC) series. A short
description of the events of that era are contained in RFC
1000.
I was a graduate student in the MIT AI Lab for a year and a
half in 1967-68, and I was an undergraduate at UCLA for a
long time before that.
------------
I've watched the Internet grow from its beginning. At UCLA
we had the privilege of being node 1 of the Arpanet. In
those days, several of us dreamed of very high quality
intercomputer connections and very rich protocols to knit the
computers together. Some of the those concepts are stilled
discussed and anticipated today under the names remote
visualization, distributed file systems, etc. On the other
hand, I would never have imagined that 20 years later we'd
have such a plethora of different network technologies. Even
more astonishing is the enormous number of independently
managed but nonetheless interconnected networks that make up
the current network. And somewhat beyond comprehension is
that it seems to work.
How will the Internet evolve? I expect to see substantial
developments in the following dimensions.
o Regularization, internationalization and commercialization
Standards will become even more important than they are now.
Implementations of protocols and related mechanisms will
become more standard and robust. The relationship between
the TCP/IP stack and the OSI stack will be resolved, with
either both co-existing, OSI winning out, or some
intermediate convergence emerging.
The Internet will become a less U.S.-centric and more
international operation. Much of the Internet will be
operated by commercial concerns on a a profit-making basis,
thereby opening up the Internet to unrestricted use. The
telephone companies, including both the local exchange
carriers and the interexchange carriers, will start providing
some of the protocol stack other than the point-to-point
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lines.
o Higher and lower bandwidths; great proliferation
I expect to see T1 connections become the norm for the types
of institutions that are now on the Internet. Higher speeds,
including speeds up to a gigabit will become available. At
the same time, I expect to see a vast expansion of the
Internet, reaching into a significant fraction of the schools
and businesses in this country and elsewhere in the world.
Many of these institutions will be connected at 9600 bits/sec
or slower.
o More applications
E-mail dominates the Internet, and it's likely to remain the
dominant use of the Internet in the future. Nonetheless, I
expect to see an exciting array of other applications which
become heavily used and cause a change in the perception of
the Internet as primarily a "mail system." Important
databases will become available on the Internet, and
applications dependent on those databases will flourish. New
techniques and tools for collaboration over a network will
emerge. These will include various forms of conferencing and
cooperative multi-media document development.
o Security
Security will tighten up on the Internet, but not without
some (more) pain. Host operating systems will be built,
configured, distributed and operated under much tighter
constraints than they have been. Firewalls will abound.
Encryption will be added to links, routers and various
protocol layers. All of this will decrease the utility of
the Internet in the short run, but lay the groundwork for
broader use eventually. New protocols will emerge which
incorporate sound protection but also provide efficient and
flexible access control and resource sharing. These will
provide the basis for the kind of close knit applications
that motivated the original thinking behind the Arpanet.
4.9 James R. Davin, IETF Network Management Area Director
James R. Davin currently works in the Advanced Network
Architecture group at the M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer
Science where his recent interests center on protocol
architecture and congestion control. In the past, he has
been engaged in router development at Proteon, Incorporated,
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where much of his work focused on network management. He has
also worked at Data General's Research Triangle Park facility
on a variety of communications protocols.
He holds the B.A. from Haverford College and masters degrees
in Computer Science and English from Duke University.
------------
The growth of the internet over the years has taken it from
lower speeds to higher speeds, from limited geographical
extent to global presence, from research apparatus to an
essential social and commercial infrastructure, from
experimentation among a few networking sophisticates to daily
use by thousands in all walks of life. This latter sort of
growth is almost certainly the most valuable.
4.10 Russell Hobby, IETF Applications Area Director
Russ Hobby received B.S in Chemistry (1975) and M.S. in
Computing Sciences (1981) from the University of California,
Davis where he currently works as Data Communications
Manager. He also represents UC Davis as a founding member in
the Bay Area Regional Research Network (BARRNet). He formed
and now chairs the California Internet Federation, a forum
for coordinating educational and research networks in
California. In addition he is Area Director for Applications
in the Internet Engineering Task Force and a member of the
Internet Engineering Steering Group.
As Data Communications Manager at UC Davis, Russ is
responsible for all aspects of campus networking including
network design, implementation, and operation. UC Davis has
also been instrumental in the development of new network
protocols and their prototype implementations, in particular,
the Point-to- Point Protocol (PPP). UC Davis has been very
active in the use of networking for students from
kindergarten through community colleges and has had the Davis
High School on the Internet since 1989. In conjunction with
the City of Davis, UC Davis is planning a community network
using ISDN to bring networking into the residences in Davis
for university network connection, high school and library
resource access, telecommuting, and electronic democracy.
------------
I have seen the rapid growth of the Internet into a worldwide
utility, but believe that it is lacking in the types of
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applications that could make use of its full potential. I
believes that it is time to look at the network from the
users side and consider the functionality that they desire.
New applications for information storage and retrieval,
personal and group communications, and coordinated computer
resources are needed. I think, "Networks aren't just for
computer nerds anymore!".
4.11 Dr. Christian Huitema, IAB Member
Christian HUITEMA has conducted for several years research in
network protocols and network applications. He is now at
INRIA in Sophia-Antipolis, where he leads the research
project "RODEO", whose objective is the definition and the
experimentation of communication protocols for very high
speed networks, at one Gbit/s or more. This includes the
study of high speed transmission control protocols, of their
parameterization and of their insertion in the operating
systems, and the study of the synchronization functions and
of the management of data transparency between heterogeneous
systems. The work is conducted in cooperation with industrial
partners and takes into account the evolution of the
communication standards. Previously, he took part to the
NADIR project, investigating computer usage of
telecommunication satellites, and to OSI developments in the
GIPSI project for the SM90 work station, including one of the
earliest X.400 systems, and to the ESPRIT project THORN,
which is provide one of the first X.500 conformant directory
system.
Christian Huitema graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique in
Paris in 1975, and passed his doctorate in the University of
Paris VI in 1985.
------------
The various projects which followed the "Cyclades" network in
France were following closely the developments of the Arpanet
and then the Internet. However, the first linkage was
established in the early 80's through mail connections. I was
directly involved in the setting up of the first direct TCP-
IP connection between France and the Internet (actually,
NSFNET) which was first experimented in 1987, and became
operational in 1988. This interconnection, together with
parallel actions in the Nordic countries of Europe, at CERN
and through the EUNET association, was certainly influential
in the development TCP/IP internetting in Europe. The rapid
growth of the Internet here is indicative both of the
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perceived needs and of the future. Researcher from
universities, non profit and industrial organizations are
eager to communicate; new applications are being developed
which will enable them to interact more and more closely..
and will pose the networking challenge of realizing a very
large, very powerful Internet.
4.12 Dr. Stephen Kent, IAB Member
Stephen Kent is the Chief Scientist of BBN Communications, a
division of Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., where he has been
enganged in network security research and development
activities for over a decade. His work has included the
design and development of user authentication and access
control systems, end-to-end encryption and access control
systems for packet networks, performance analysis of security
mechanisms, and the design of secure transport layer and
electronic message protocols.
Dr. Kent is the chair of the Internet Privacy and Security
Research Group and a member of the Internet Activities Board.
He served on the Secure Systems Study Committee of the
National Academy of Sciences and is a member of the National
Research Council assessment panel for the NIST National
Computer Systems Laboratory. He was a charter member of the
board of directors of the International Association for
Cryptologic Research. Dr. Kent is the author of a book
chapter and numerous technical papers on packet network
security and has served as a referee, panelist and session
chair for a number of security related conferences. He has
lectured on the topic of network security on behalf of
government agencies, universities and private companies
throughout the United States, Western Europe and Australia.
Dr. Kent received the B.S. degree in mathematics from Loyola
University of New Orleans, and the S.M., E.E., and Ph.D.
degrees in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. He is a member of the ACM and Sigma Xi and
appears in Who's Who in the Northeast and Who's Who of
Emerging Leaders.
4.13 Anthony G. Lauck, IAB Member
Since 1976, Anthony G. Lauck has been responsible for network
architecture and advanced development at Digital Equipment
Corporation, where he currently manages the
Telecommunications and Networks Architecture and Advanced
Development group. For the past fifteen years his group has
designed the network architecture and protocols behind
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Digital's DECnet computer networking products. His group has
played a leading role in local area network standardization,
including Ethernet, FDDI, and transparent bridged LANs. His
group has also played a leading role in standardizing the OSI
network and transport layers. Most recently, they have
completed the architecture for the next phase of DECnet which
is based on OSI while providing backward compatibility with
DECnet Phase IV. Prior to his role in network architecture
he was responsible for setting the direction of Digital's
PDP-11 communications products. In addition to working at
Digital, he worked at Autex, Inc. where was a designer of a
transaction processing system for securities trading and at
the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory were he developed
an early remote batch system.
Mr. Lauck received his BA degree from Harvard in 1965. He
has worked in a number of areas related to data
communication, ranging from design of physical links for
local area networks to applications for distributed
processing. His current interests include high speed local
and wide area networks, multiprotocol networking, network
security, and distributed processing. He was a member of the
Committee on Computer-Computer Communications Protocols of
the National Research Council which did a comparison of the
TCP and TP4 transport protocols for DOD and NBS. He was also
a member of the National Science Foundation Network Technical
Advisory Board. In December of 1984, he was recognized by
Science Digest magazine as one of America's 100 brightest
young scientists for his work on computer networking.
------------
In 1978 Vint Cerf came to Digital to give a lecture on TCP
and IP, just prior to the big blizzard. I was pleased to see
that TCP/IP shared the same connectionless philosophy of
networking as did DECnet. Some years later, Digital decided
that future phases of DECnet would be based on standards.
Since Digital was a multinational company, the standards
would need to be international. Unfortunately, in 1980 ISO
rejected TCP and IP on national political grounds. When it
looked like the emerging OSI standards were going to be
limited to purely connection- oriented networking, I was very
concerned and began efforts to standardize connectionless
networking in OSI. As it turned out, TCP/IP retained its
initial lead over OSI, moving internationally as the Internet
expanded, thereby becoming an international protocol suite
and meeting my original needs. I hope that the Internet can
evolve into a multiprotocol structure that can accommodate
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changing networking technologies and can do so with a minimum
of religious fervor. It will be exciting to solve problems
like network scale and security, especially in the context of
a network which must serve users while it evolves.
4.14 Dr. Barry Leiner, IAB Member
Dr. Leiner joined Advanced Decision Systems in September
1990, where he is responsible for corporate research
directions. Advanced Decision Systems is focussed on the
creation of information processing technology, systems, and
products that enhance decision making power. Prior to
joining ADS, Dr. Leiner was Assistant Director of the
Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science at NASA Ames
Research Center. In that position, he formulated and carried
out research programs ranging from the development of
advanced computer and communications technologies through to
the application of such technologies to scientific research.
Prior to coming to RIACS, he was Assistant Director for C3
Technology in the Information Processing Techniques Office of
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). In that
position, he was responsible for a broad range of research
programs aimed at developing the technology base for large-
scale survivable distributed command, control and
communication systems. Prior to that, he was Senior
Engineering Specialist with Probe Systems, Assistant
Professor of Electrical Engineering at Georgia Tech, and
Research Engineer with GTE Sylvania.
Dr. Leiner received his BEEE from Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute in 1967 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Stanford
University in 1969 and 1973, respectively. He has done
research in a variety of areas, including direction finding
systems, spread spectrum communications and detection, data
compression theory, image compression, and most recently
computer networking and its applications. He has published
in these areas in both journals and conferences, and received
the best paper of the year award in the IEEE Aerospace and
Electronic Systems Transactions in 1979 and in the IEEE
Communications Magazine in 1984. Dr. Leiner is a Senior
Member of the IEEE and a member of ACM, Tau Beta Pi and Eta
Kappa Nu.
------------
My first exposure to the internet (actually Arpanet) was in
1977 when, as a DARPA contractor, I was provided access. At
that point, the Arpanet was primarily used to support DARPA
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and related activities, and was confined to a relatively
small set of users and sites. The Internet technology was
just in the process of being developed and demonstrated. In
fact, my DARPA contract was in relation to the Packet Radio
Network, and the primary motivation for the Internet
technology was to connect the mobile Packet Radio Network to
the long-haul Arpanet. Now, only 13 years later, things have
changed radically. The Internet has grown by several orders
of magnitude in size and connects a much wider community,
including academic, commercial, and government. It has
spread well beyond the USA to include many organizations
throughout the world. It has grown beyond the experimental
network to provide operational service. Its influence is
seen throughout the computer communications community.
4.15 Daniel C. Lynch, IAB Member
Daniel C. Lynch, 49, is president and founder of Interop,
Inc. (formerly named Advanced Computing Environments) in
Mountain View, California since 1985. A member of ACM, IEEE
and the IAB, he is active in computer networking with a
primary focus in promoting the understanding of network
operational behavior. The annual INTEROP (conference and
exhibition is the major vehicle for his efforts.
As the director of Information Processing Division for the
Information Sciences Institute in Marina del Rey (USC-ISI)
Lynch led the Arpanet team that made the transition from the
original NCP protocols to the current TCP/IP based protocols.
Lynch directed this effort with 75 people from 1980 until
1983.
He was Director of Computing Facilities at SRI International
in the late 70's serving the computing needs of over 3,000
employees. He formerly served as manager of the computing
laboratory for the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI
which conducts research in robotics, vision, speech
understanding, theorem proving and distributed databases.
While at SRI he performed initial debugging of the TCP/IP
protocols in conjunction with BBN.
Lynch has been active in computer networking since 1973.
Prior to that he developed realtime software for missile
decoy detection for the USAF. He received undergraduate
training in mathematics and philosophy from Loyola University
of Los Angeles and obtained a Master's Degree in mathematics
from UCLA in 1965.
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-------
The Internet has grown because it solves simple problems in a
simple a manner as possible. Putting together a huge
Internet has not been easy. We still do not know how to do
routing in a huge internet. When you add the realworld
requirement of commercial security and the desire for
"classes of service" we are faced with big challenges. I
think this means that we have to get a lot more involved with
operational provisioning considerations such as those that
the phone companies and credit card firms have wrestled with.
Hopefully we can do this and still maintain the rather
friendly attitude that Internetters have always had.
4.16 Dr. Jonathan B. Postel, IAB Member, RFC Editor
Jon Postel joined ISI in March 1976 as a member of the
technical staff, and is now Division Director of the
Communications Division. His current activities include a
continuing involvement with the evolution of the Internet
through the work of the various ISI projects on Gigabit
Networking, Multimedia Conferencing, Protocol Engineering,
Los Nettos, Parallel Computing System Research, and the Fast
Parts Automated Broker. Previous work at ISI included the
creation of the "Los Nettos" regional network for the Los
Angeles area, creating prototype implementations of several
of the protocols developed for the Internet community,
including the Simple Mail Transport Protocol, the Domain Name
Service, and an experimental Multimedia Mail system. Earlier
Jon studied the possible approaches for converting the
ARPANET from the NCP protocol to the TCP protocol.
Participated in the design of many protocols for the Internet
community.
Before moving to ISI, Jon worked at SRI International in Doug
Engelbart's group developing the NLS (later called Augment)
system. While at SRI Jon led a special project to develop
protocol specifications for the Defense Communication Agency
for AUTODIN-II. Most of the development effort during this
period at ARC was focused on the National Software Works.
Prior to working at SRI, Jon spent a few months with Keydata
redesigning and reimplementing the NCP in the DEC PDP-15 data
management system used by ARPA. Before Keydata, Jon worked
at the Mitre Corporation in Virginia where he conducted a
study of ARPANET Network Control Protocol implementations.
Jon received his B.S. and M.S. in Engineering in 1966 and
1968 (respectively) from UCLA, and the Ph.D. in Computer
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Science in 1974 from UCLA. Jon is a member of the ACM. Jon
continues to participate in the Internet Activities Board and
serve as the editor of the "Request for Comments" Internet
document series.
-------
My first experience with the ARPANET was at UCLA when i was
working in the group that became the Network Measurement
Center. When we were told that the first IMP would be
installed at UCLA we had to get busy on a number of problems.
We had to work with the other early sites to develop
protocols, and we had to get our own computing environment in
order -- this included creating a time-sharing operating
system for the SDS Sigma-7 computer. Since then the ARPANET
and then the Internet have continued to grow and always
faster than expected. I think three factors contribute to
the success of the Internet: 1) public documentation of the
protocols, 2) free (or cheap) software for the popular
machines, and 3) vendor independence.
4.17 Joyce K. Reynolds, IETF User Services Area Director
Joyce K. Reynolds has been affiliated with USC/Information
Sciences Institute since 1979. Ms. Reynolds has contributed
to the development of the DARPA Experimental Multimedia Mail
System, the Post Office Protocol, the Telnet Protocol, and
the Telnet Option Specifications. She helped update the File
Transfer Protocol. Her current technical interests include:
internet protocols, internet management, technical
researching, writing, and editing, Internet security
policies, and Telnet Options. She recently established a new
informational series of notes for the Internet community: FYI
(For Your Information) RFCs. FYI RFCs are documents useful
to network users. Their purpose is to make available general
and useful information with broad applicability.
Joyce K. Reynolds received Bachelor of Arts and Master of
Arts degrees in the Social Sciences (History) from the
University of Southern California (USC). Ms. Reynolds is a
member of the American Society of Professional and Executive
Women. She is affiliated with Phi Alpha Theta (Honors
Society). She is currently listed in Who's Who in the
American Society of Professional and Executive Women and
USC's Who's Who in the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences
Alumni Directory.
-------
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It has been an interesting twelve years in my professional
life to participate in the ARPANET/Internet world, from the
transition of the TENEX to TOPs-20 machines in 1979 to
surviving the NCP to TCP transition in 1980. Celebrating the
achievement of the ISI 1000 Hour Club where one of our TOPs-
20 machines set a record for staying up and running for 1000
consecutive hours without crashing, to watching the cellular
split of the ARPANET into the Milnet and Internet sides, and
surviving the advent of Unix in 1985. All in all, my most
memorable times are the people who have contributed to the
research and development of the Internet. Lots of hard,
intense work, coupled with creative, exciting fun. As for
the future, there is much discussion and enthusiasm about the
next step in the evolution of the Internet. An
"international" Internet is on the very tip of the horizon.
Utilizing the global Internet will improve the quality of
collaborative research. I'm looking forward.
4.18 Gregory Vaudreuil, IESG Member
Greg Vaudreuil currently serves as both the Internet
Engineering Steering Group Secretary, and the IETF Manager.
As IESG Secretary, he is responsible for shepherding Internet
standards track protocols through the standards process. As
IETF Manager, he shares with the IESG Area Directors the
responsibility for chartering and managing the progress of
all working groups in the IETF. He chairs the Internet Mail
Extensions working group of the IETF.
He graduated from Duke University with a degree in Electrical
Engineering and a major in Public Policy Studies. He was
thrust into the heart of the IETF by accepting a position
with the Corporation for National Research Initiatives to
manage the explosive growth of the IETF.
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5. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
6. Author's Address
Gary Scott Malkin
FTP Software, Inc.
26 Princess Street
Wakefield, MA 01880
Phone: (617) 246-0900
EMail: gmalkin@ftp.com
Malkin [Page 26]
RFC, FYI, BCP