Network Working Group T. Kivinen
Request for Comments: 3526 M. Kojo
Category: Standards Track SSH Communications Security
May 2003
More Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups
for Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document defines new Modular Exponential (MODP) Groups for the
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol. It documents the well known
and used 1536 bit group 5, and also defines new 2048, 3072, 4096,
6144, and 8192 bit Diffie-Hellman groups numbered starting at 14.
The selection of the primes for theses groups follows the criteria
established by Richard Schroeppel.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. 1536-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. 2048-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. 3072-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. 4096-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. 6144-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. 8192-bit MODP Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10. Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11. Non-Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
12. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
13. Full Copyright Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
1. Introduction
One of the important protocol parameters negotiated by Internet Key
Exchange (IKE) [RFC-2409] is the Diffie-Hellman "group" that will be
used for certain cryptographic operations. IKE currently defines 4
groups. These groups are approximately as strong as a symmetric key
of 70-80 bits.
The new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher [AES], which has
more strength, needs stronger groups. For the 128-bit AES we need
about a 3200-bit group [Orman01]. The 192 and 256-bit keys would
need groups that are about 8000 and 15400 bits respectively. Another
source [RSA13] [Rousseau00] estimates that the security equivalent
key size for the 192-bit symmetric cipher is 2500 bits instead of
8000 bits, and the equivalent key size 256-bit symmetric cipher is
4200 bits instead of 15400 bits.
Because of this disagreement, we just specify different groups
without specifying which group should be used with 128, 192 or 256-
bit AES. With current hardware groups bigger than 8192-bits being
too slow for practical use, this document does not provide any groups
bigger than 8192-bits.
The exponent size used in the Diffie-Hellman must be selected so that
it matches other parts of the system. It should not be the weakest
link in the security system. It should have double the entropy of
the strength of the entire system, i.e., if you use a group whose
strength is 128 bits, you must use more than 256 bits of randomness
in the exponent used in the Diffie-Hellman calculation.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
2. 1536-bit MODP Group
The 1536 bit MODP group has been used for the implementations for
quite a long time, but was not defined in RFC 2409 (IKE).
Implementations have been using group 5 to designate this group, we
standardize that practice here.
The prime is: 2^1536 - 2^1472 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^1406 pi] + 741804 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA237327 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
3. 2048-bit MODP Group
This group is assigned id 14.
This prime is: 2^2048 - 2^1984 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^1918 pi] + 124476 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B
E39E772C 180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9
DE2BCBF6 95581718 3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510
15728E5A 8AACAA68 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
4. 3072-bit MODP Group
This group is assigned id 15.
This prime is: 2^3072 - 2^3008 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^2942 pi] + 1690314 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B
E39E772C 180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9
DE2BCBF6 95581718 3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510
15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D 04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64
ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D B3970F85 A6E1E4C7
ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226 1AD2EE6B
F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31
43DB5BFC E0FD108E 4B82D120 A93AD2CA FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
5. 4096-bit MODP Group
This group is assigned id 16.
This prime is: 2^4096 - 2^4032 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^3966 pi] + 240904 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B
E39E772C 180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9
DE2BCBF6 95581718 3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510
15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D 04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64
ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D B3970F85 A6E1E4C7
ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226 1AD2EE6B
F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31
43DB5BFC E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7
88719A10 BDBA5B26 99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA
2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB 04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6
287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2 233BA186 515BE7ED
1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127 D5B05AA9
93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34063199
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
6. 6144-bit MODP Group
This group is assigned id 17.
This prime is: 2^6144 - 2^6080 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^6014 pi] + 929484 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD F8FF9406
AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831 179727B0 865A8918
DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151
2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF 5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03
F482D7CE 6E74FEF6 D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F
BEC7E8F3 23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328 06A1D58B
B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C DA56C9EC 2EF29632
387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE 12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E
6DCC4024 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
7. 8192-bit MODP Group
This group is assigned id 18.
This prime is: 2^8192 - 2^8128 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^8062 pi] + 4743158 }
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B
E39E772C 180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9
DE2BCBF6 95581718 3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510
15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D 04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64
ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D B3970F85 A6E1E4C7
ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226 1AD2EE6B
F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31
43DB5BFC E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7
88719A10 BDBA5B26 99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA
2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB 04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6
287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2 233BA186 515BE7ED
1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127 D5B05AA9
93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD
F8FF9406 AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831
179727B0 865A8918 DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B
DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151 2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF
5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03 F482D7CE 6E74FEF6
D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F BEC7E8F3
23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328
06A1D58B B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C
DA56C9EC 2EF29632 387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE
12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E 6DBE1159 74A3926F 12FEE5E4
38777CB6 A932DF8C D8BEC4D0 73B931BA 3BC832B6 8D9DD300
741FA7BF 8AFC47ED 2576F693 6BA42466 3AAB639C 5AE4F568
3423B474 2BF1C978 238F16CB E39D652D E3FDB8BE FC848AD9
22222E04 A4037C07 13EB57A8 1A23F0C7 3473FC64 6CEA306B
4BCBC886 2F8385DD FA9D4B7F A2C087E8 79683303 ED5BDD3A
062B3CF5 B3A278A6 6D2A13F8 3F44F82D DF310EE0 74AB6A36
4597E899 A0255DC1 64F31CC5 0846851D F9AB4819 5DED7EA1
B1D510BD 7EE74D73 FAF36BC3 1ECFA268 359046F4 EB879F92
4009438B 481C6CD7 889A002E D5EE382B C9190DA6 FC026E47
9558E447 5677E9AA 9E3050E2 765694DF C81F56E8 80B96E71
60C980DD 98EDD3DF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 2.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
8. Security Considerations
This document describes new stronger groups to be used in IKE. The
strengths of the groups defined here are always estimates and there
are as many methods to estimate them as there are cryptographers.
For the strength estimates below we took the both ends of the scale
so the actual strength estimate is likely between the two numbers
given here.
+--------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+
| Group | Modulus | Strength Estimate 1 | Strength Estimate 2 |
| | +----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | | | exponent | | exponent |
| | | in bits | size | in bits | size |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 5 | 1536-bit | 90 | 180- | 120 | 240- |
| 14 | 2048-bit | 110 | 220- | 160 | 320- |
| 15 | 3072-bit | 130 | 260- | 210 | 420- |
| 16 | 4096-bit | 150 | 300- | 240 | 480- |
| 17 | 6144-bit | 170 | 340- | 270 | 540- |
| 18 | 8192-bit | 190 | 380- | 310 | 620- |
+--------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+
9. IANA Considerations
IKE [RFC-2409] defines 4 Diffie-Hellman Groups, numbered 1 through 4.
This document defines a new group 5, and new groups from 14 to 18.
Requests for additional assignment are via "IETF Consensus" as
defined in RFC 2434 [RFC-2434]. Specifically, new groups are
expected to be documented in a Standards Track RFC.
10. Normative References
[RFC-2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
[RFC-2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
11. Non-Normative References
[AES] NIST, FIPS PUB 197, "Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES)," November 2001.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-
197.{ps,pdf}
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
[RFC-2412] Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol", RFC
2412, November 1998.
[Orman01] Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For
Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", Work in
progress.
[RSA13] Silverman, R. "RSA Bulleting #13: A Cost-Based Security
Analysis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Lengths", April
2000, http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/bulletins/
bulletin13.html
[Rousseau00] Rousseau, F. "New Time and Space Based Key Size
Equivalents for RSA and Diffie-Hellman", December 2000,
http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/ipsec/2000/12/
msg00045.html
12. Authors' Addresses
Tero Kivinen
SSH Communications Security Corp
Fredrikinkatu 42
FIN-00100 HELSINKI
Finland
EMail: kivinen@ssh.fi
Mika Kojo
HELSINKI
Finland
EMail: mika.kojo@helsinki.fi
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 3526 MODP Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE May 2003
13. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Kivinen & Kojo Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC, FYI, BCP