Network Working Group P. Leach
Request for Comments: 4122 Microsoft
Category: Standards Track M. Mealling
Refactored Networks, LLC
R. Salz
DataPower Technology, Inc.
July 2005
A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name namespace for
UUIDs (Universally Unique IDentifier), also known as GUIDs (Globally
Unique IDentifier). A UUID is 128 bits long, and can guarantee
uniqueness across space and time. UUIDs were originally used in the
Apollo Network Computing System and later in the Open Software
Foundation's (OSF) Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), and then
in Microsoft Windows platforms.
This specification is derived from the DCE specification with the
kind permission of the OSF (now known as The Open Group).
Information from earlier versions of the DCE specification have been
incorporated into this document.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Namespace Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1. Variant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.2. Layout and Byte Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.3. Version. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.4. Timestamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.5. Clock Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.6. Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.7. Nil UUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Algorithms for Creating a Time-Based UUID . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. Basic Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.2. Generation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3. Algorithm for Creating a Name-Based UUID. . . . . . . . . 13
4.4. Algorithms for Creating a UUID from Truly Random or
Pseudo-Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5. Node IDs that Do Not Identify the Host. . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Community Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A. Appendix A - Sample Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
B. Appendix B - Sample Output of utest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C. Appendix C - Some Name Space IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1. Introduction
This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name namespace for
UUIDs (Universally Unique IDentifier), also known as GUIDs (Globally
Unique IDentifier). A UUID is 128 bits long, and requires no central
registration process.
The information here is meant to be a concise guide for those wishing
to implement services using UUIDs as URNs. Nothing in this document
should be construed to override the DCE standards that defined UUIDs.
There is an ITU-T Recommendation and ISO/IEC Standard [3] that are
derived from earlier versions of this document. Both sets of
specifications have been aligned, and are fully technically
compatible. In addition, a global registration function is being
provided by the Telecommunications Standardisation Bureau of ITU-T;
for details see .
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2. Motivation
One of the main reasons for using UUIDs is that no centralized
authority is required to administer them (although one format uses
IEEE 802 node identifiers, others do not). As a result, generation
on demand can be completely automated, and used for a variety of
purposes. The UUID generation algorithm described here supports very
high allocation rates of up to 10 million per second per machine if
necessary, so that they could even be used as transaction IDs.
UUIDs are of a fixed size (128 bits) which is reasonably small
compared to other alternatives. This lends itself well to sorting,
ordering, and hashing of all sorts, storing in databases, simple
allocation, and ease of programming in general.
Since UUIDs are unique and persistent, they make excellent Uniform
Resource Names. The unique ability to generate a new UUID without a
registration process allows for UUIDs to be one of the URNs with the
lowest minting cost.
3. Namespace Registration Template
Namespace ID: UUID
Registration Information:
Registration date: 2003-10-01
Declared registrant of the namespace:
JTC 1/SC6 (ASN.1 Rapporteur Group)
Declaration of syntactic structure:
A UUID is an identifier that is unique across both space and time,
with respect to the space of all UUIDs. Since a UUID is a fixed
size and contains a time field, it is possible for values to
rollover (around A.D. 3400, depending on the specific algorithm
used). A UUID can be used for multiple purposes, from tagging
objects with an extremely short lifetime, to reliably identifying
very persistent objects across a network.
The internal representation of a UUID is a specific sequence of
bits in memory, as described in Section 4. To accurately
represent a UUID as a URN, it is necessary to convert the bit
sequence to a string representation.
Each field is treated as an integer and has its value printed as a
zero-filled hexadecimal digit string with the most significant
digit first. The hexadecimal values "a" through "f" are output as
lower case characters and are case insensitive on input.
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The formal definition of the UUID string representation is
provided by the following ABNF [7]:
UUID = time-low "-" time-mid "-"
time-high-and-version "-"
clock-seq-and-reserved
clock-seq-low "-" node
time-low = 4hexOctet
time-mid = 2hexOctet
time-high-and-version = 2hexOctet
clock-seq-and-reserved = hexOctet
clock-seq-low = hexOctet
node = 6hexOctet
hexOctet = hexDigit hexDigit
hexDigit =
"0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9" /
"a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" /
"A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
The following is an example of the string representation of a UUID as
a URN:
urn:uuid:f81d4fae-7dec-11d0-a765-00a0c91e6bf6
Relevant ancillary documentation:
[1][2]
Identifier uniqueness considerations:
This document specifies three algorithms to generate UUIDs: the
first leverages the unique values of 802 MAC addresses to
guarantee uniqueness, the second uses pseudo-random number
generators, and the third uses cryptographic hashing and
application-provided text strings. As a result, the UUIDs
generated according to the mechanisms here will be unique from all
other UUIDs that have been or will be assigned.
Identifier persistence considerations:
UUIDs are inherently very difficult to resolve in a global sense.
This, coupled with the fact that UUIDs are temporally unique
within their spatial context, ensures that UUIDs will remain as
persistent as possible.
Process of identifier assignment:
Generating a UUID does not require that a registration authority
be contacted. One algorithm requires a unique value over space
for each generator. This value is typically an IEEE 802 MAC
address, usually already available on network-connected hosts.
The address can be assigned from an address block obtained from
the IEEE registration authority. If no such address is available,
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or privacy concerns make its use undesirable, Section 4.5
specifies two alternatives. Another approach is to use version 3
or version 4 UUIDs as defined below.
Process for identifier resolution:
Since UUIDs are not globally resolvable, this is not applicable.
Rules for Lexical Equivalence:
Consider each field of the UUID to be an unsigned integer as shown
in the table in section Section 4.1.2. Then, to compare a pair of
UUIDs, arithmetically compare the corresponding fields from each
UUID in order of significance and according to their data type.
Two UUIDs are equal if and only if all the corresponding fields
are equal.
As an implementation note, equality comparison can be performed on
many systems by doing the appropriate byte-order canonicalization,
and then treating the two UUIDs as 128-bit unsigned integers.
UUIDs, as defined in this document, can also be ordered
lexicographically. For a pair of UUIDs, the first one follows the
second if the most significant field in which the UUIDs differ is
greater for the first UUID. The second precedes the first if the
most significant field in which the UUIDs differ is greater for
the second UUID.
Conformance with URN Syntax:
The string representation of a UUID is fully compatible with the
URN syntax. When converting from a bit-oriented, in-memory
representation of a UUID into a URN, care must be taken to
strictly adhere to the byte order issues mentioned in the string
representation section.
Validation mechanism:
Apart from determining whether the timestamp portion of the UUID
is in the future and therefore not yet assignable, there is no
mechanism for determining whether a UUID is 'valid'.
Scope:
UUIDs are global in scope.
4. Specification
4.1. Format
The UUID format is 16 octets; some bits of the eight octet variant
field specified below determine finer structure.
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4.1.1. Variant
The variant field determines the layout of the UUID. That is, the
interpretation of all other bits in the UUID depends on the setting
of the bits in the variant field. As such, it could more accurately
be called a type field; we retain the original term for
compatibility. The variant field consists of a variable number of
the most significant bits of octet 8 of the UUID.
The following table lists the contents of the variant field, where
the letter "x" indicates a "don't-care" value.
Msb0 Msb1 Msb2 Description
0 x x Reserved, NCS backward compatibility.
1 0 x The variant specified in this document.
1 1 0 Reserved, Microsoft Corporation backward
compatibility
1 1 1 Reserved for future definition.
Interoperability, in any form, with variants other than the one
defined here is not guaranteed, and is not likely to be an issue in
practice.
4.1.2. Layout and Byte Order
To minimize confusion about bit assignments within octets, the UUID
record definition is defined only in terms of fields that are
integral numbers of octets. The fields are presented with the most
significant one first.
Field Data Type Octet Note
#
time_low unsigned 32 0-3 The low field of the
bit integer timestamp
time_mid unsigned 16 4-5 The middle field of the
bit integer timestamp
time_hi_and_version unsigned 16 6-7 The high field of the
bit integer timestamp multiplexed
with the version number
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clock_seq_hi_and_rese unsigned 8 8 The high field of the
rved bit integer clock sequence
multiplexed with the
variant
clock_seq_low unsigned 8 9 The low field of the
bit integer clock sequence
node unsigned 48 10-15 The spatially unique
bit integer node identifier
In the absence of explicit application or presentation protocol
specification to the contrary, a UUID is encoded as a 128-bit object,
as follows:
The fields are encoded as 16 octets, with the sizes and order of the
fields defined above, and with each field encoded with the Most
Significant Byte first (known as network byte order). Note that the
field names, particularly for multiplexed fields, follow historical
practice.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| time_low |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| time_mid | time_hi_and_version |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|clk_seq_hi_res | clk_seq_low | node (0-1) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| node (2-5) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
4.1.3. Version
The version number is in the most significant 4 bits of the time
stamp (bits 4 through 7 of the time_hi_and_version field).
The following table lists the currently-defined versions for this
UUID variant.
Msb0 Msb1 Msb2 Msb3 Version Description
0 0 0 1 1 The time-based version
specified in this document.
0 0 1 0 2 DCE Security version, with
embedded POSIX UIDs.
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0 0 1 1 3 The name-based version
specified in this document
that uses MD5 hashing.
0 1 0 0 4 The randomly or pseudo-
randomly generated version
specified in this document.
0 1 0 1 5 The name-based version
specified in this document
that uses SHA-1 hashing.
The version is more accurately a sub-type; again, we retain the term
for compatibility.
4.1.4. Timestamp
The timestamp is a 60-bit value. For UUID version 1, this is
represented by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a count of 100-
nanosecond intervals since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582 (the date of
Gregorian reform to the Christian calendar).
For systems that do not have UTC available, but do have the local
time, they may use that instead of UTC, as long as they do so
consistently throughout the system. However, this is not recommended
since generating the UTC from local time only needs a time zone
offset.
For UUID version 3 or 5, the timestamp is a 60-bit value constructed
from a name as described in Section 4.3.
For UUID version 4, the timestamp is a randomly or pseudo-randomly
generated 60-bit value, as described in Section 4.4.
4.1.5. Clock Sequence
For UUID version 1, the clock sequence is used to help avoid
duplicates that could arise when the clock is set backwards in time
or if the node ID changes.
If the clock is set backwards, or might have been set backwards
(e.g., while the system was powered off), and the UUID generator can
not be sure that no UUIDs were generated with timestamps larger than
the value to which the clock was set, then the clock sequence has to
be changed. If the previous value of the clock sequence is known, it
can just be incremented; otherwise it should be set to a random or
high-quality pseudo-random value.
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Similarly, if the node ID changes (e.g., because a network card has
been moved between machines), setting the clock sequence to a random
number minimizes the probability of a duplicate due to slight
differences in the clock settings of the machines. If the value of
clock sequence associated with the changed node ID were known, then
the clock sequence could just be incremented, but that is unlikely.
The clock sequence MUST be originally (i.e., once in the lifetime of
a system) initialized to a random number to minimize the correlation
across systems. This provides maximum protection against node
identifiers that may move or switch from system to system rapidly.
The initial value MUST NOT be correlated to the node identifier.
For UUID version 3 or 5, the clock sequence is a 14-bit value
constructed from a name as described in Section 4.3.
For UUID version 4, clock sequence is a randomly or pseudo-randomly
generated 14-bit value as described in Section 4.4.
4.1.6. Node
For UUID version 1, the node field consists of an IEEE 802 MAC
address, usually the host address. For systems with multiple IEEE
802 addresses, any available one can be used. The lowest addressed
octet (octet number 10) contains the global/local bit and the
unicast/multicast bit, and is the first octet of the address
transmitted on an 802.3 LAN.
For systems with no IEEE address, a randomly or pseudo-randomly
generated value may be used; see Section 4.5. The multicast bit must
be set in such addresses, in order that they will never conflict with
addresses obtained from network cards.
For UUID version 3 or 5, the node field is a 48-bit value constructed
from a name as described in Section 4.3.
For UUID version 4, the node field is a randomly or pseudo-randomly
generated 48-bit value as described in Section 4.4.
4.1.7. Nil UUID
The nil UUID is special form of UUID that is specified to have all
128 bits set to zero.
4.2. Algorithms for Creating a Time-Based UUID
Various aspects of the algorithm for creating a version 1 UUID are
discussed in the following sections.
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4.2.1. Basic Algorithm
The following algorithm is simple, correct, and inefficient:
o Obtain a system-wide global lock
o From a system-wide shared stable store (e.g., a file), read the
UUID generator state: the values of the timestamp, clock sequence,
and node ID used to generate the last UUID.
o Get the current time as a 60-bit count of 100-nanosecond intervals
since 00:00:00.00, 15 October 1582.
o Get the current node ID.
o If the state was unavailable (e.g., non-existent or corrupted), or
the saved node ID is different than the current node ID, generate
a random clock sequence value.
o If the state was available, but the saved timestamp is later than
the current timestamp, increment the clock sequence value.
o Save the state (current timestamp, clock sequence, and node ID)
back to the stable store.
o Release the global lock.
o Format a UUID from the current timestamp, clock sequence, and node
ID values according to the steps in Section 4.2.2.
If UUIDs do not need to be frequently generated, the above algorithm
may be perfectly adequate. For higher performance requirements,
however, issues with the basic algorithm include:
o Reading the state from stable storage each time is inefficient.
o The resolution of the system clock may not be 100-nanoseconds.
o Writing the state to stable storage each time is inefficient.
o Sharing the state across process boundaries may be inefficient.
Each of these issues can be addressed in a modular fashion by local
improvements in the functions that read and write the state and read
the clock. We address each of them in turn in the following
sections.
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4.2.1.1. Reading Stable Storage
The state only needs to be read from stable storage once at boot
time, if it is read into a system-wide shared volatile store (and
updated whenever the stable store is updated).
If an implementation does not have any stable store available, then
it can always say that the values were unavailable. This is the
least desirable implementation because it will increase the frequency
of creation of new clock sequence numbers, which increases the
probability of duplicates.
If the node ID can never change (e.g., the net card is inseparable
from the system), or if any change also reinitializes the clock
sequence to a random value, then instead of keeping it in stable
store, the current node ID may be returned.
4.2.1.2. System Clock Resolution
The timestamp is generated from the system time, whose resolution may
be less than the resolution of the UUID timestamp.
If UUIDs do not need to be frequently generated, the timestamp can
simply be the system time multiplied by the number of 100-nanosecond
intervals per system time interval.
If a system overruns the generator by requesting too many UUIDs
within a single system time interval, the UUID service MUST either
return an error, or stall the UUID generator until the system clock
catches up.
A high resolution timestamp can be simulated by keeping a count of
the number of UUIDs that have been generated with the same value of
the system time, and using it to construct the low order bits of the
timestamp. The count will range between zero and the number of
100-nanosecond intervals per system time interval.
Note: If the processors overrun the UUID generation frequently,
additional node identifiers can be allocated to the system, which
will permit higher speed allocation by making multiple UUIDs
potentially available for each time stamp value.
4.2.1.3. Writing Stable Storage
The state does not always need to be written to stable store every
time a UUID is generated. The timestamp in the stable store can be
periodically set to a value larger than any yet used in a UUID. As
long as the generated UUIDs have timestamps less than that value, and
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the clock sequence and node ID remain unchanged, only the shared
volatile copy of the state needs to be updated. Furthermore, if the
timestamp value in stable store is in the future by less than the
typical time it takes the system to reboot, a crash will not cause a
reinitialization of the clock sequence.
4.2.1.4. Sharing State Across Processes
If it is too expensive to access shared state each time a UUID is
generated, then the system-wide generator can be implemented to
allocate a block of time stamps each time it is called; a per-
process generator can allocate from that block until it is exhausted.
4.2.2. Generation Details
Version 1 UUIDs are generated according to the following algorithm:
o Determine the values for the UTC-based timestamp and clock
sequence to be used in the UUID, as described in Section 4.2.1.
o For the purposes of this algorithm, consider the timestamp to be a
60-bit unsigned integer and the clock sequence to be a 14-bit
unsigned integer. Sequentially number the bits in a field,
starting with zero for the least significant bit.
o Set the time_low field equal to the least significant 32 bits
(bits zero through 31) of the timestamp in the same order of
significance.
o Set the time_mid field equal to bits 32 through 47 from the
timestamp in the same order of significance.
o Set the 12 least significant bits (bits zero through 11) of the
time_hi_and_version field equal to bits 48 through 59 from the
timestamp in the same order of significance.
o Set the four most significant bits (bits 12 through 15) of the
time_hi_and_version field to the 4-bit version number
corresponding to the UUID version being created, as shown in the
table above.
o Set the clock_seq_low field to the eight least significant bits
(bits zero through 7) of the clock sequence in the same order of
significance.
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o Set the 6 least significant bits (bits zero through 5) of the
clock_seq_hi_and_reserved field to the 6 most significant bits
(bits 8 through 13) of the clock sequence in the same order of
significance.
o Set the two most significant bits (bits 6 and 7) of the
clock_seq_hi_and_reserved to zero and one, respectively.
o Set the node field to the 48-bit IEEE address in the same order of
significance as the address.
4.3. Algorithm for Creating a Name-Based UUID
The version 3 or 5 UUID is meant for generating UUIDs from "names"
that are drawn from, and unique within, some "name space". The
concept of name and name space should be broadly construed, and not
limited to textual names. For example, some name spaces are the
domain name system, URLs, ISO Object IDs (OIDs), X.500 Distinguished
Names (DNs), and reserved words in a programming language. The
mechanisms or conventions used for allocating names and ensuring
their uniqueness within their name spaces are beyond the scope of
this specification.
The requirements for these types of UUIDs are as follows:
o The UUIDs generated at different times from the same name in the
same namespace MUST be equal.
o The UUIDs generated from two different names in the same namespace
should be different (with very high probability).
o The UUIDs generated from the same name in two different namespaces
should be different with (very high probability).
o If two UUIDs that were generated from names are equal, then they
were generated from the same name in the same namespace (with very
high probability).
The algorithm for generating a UUID from a name and a name space are
as follows:
o Allocate a UUID to use as a "name space ID" for all UUIDs
generated from names in that name space; see Appendix C for some
pre-defined values.
o Choose either MD5 [4] or SHA-1 [8] as the hash algorithm; If
backward compatibility is not an issue, SHA-1 is preferred.
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o Convert the name to a canonical sequence of octets (as defined by
the standards or conventions of its name space); put the name
space ID in network byte order.
o Compute the hash of the name space ID concatenated with the name.
o Set octets zero through 3 of the time_low field to octets zero
through 3 of the hash.
o Set octets zero and one of the time_mid field to octets 4 and 5 of
the hash.
o Set octets zero and one of the time_hi_and_version field to octets
6 and 7 of the hash.
o Set the four most significant bits (bits 12 through 15) of the
time_hi_and_version field to the appropriate 4-bit version number
from Section 4.1.3.
o Set the clock_seq_hi_and_reserved field to octet 8 of the hash.
o Set the two most significant bits (bits 6 and 7) of the
clock_seq_hi_and_reserved to zero and one, respectively.
o Set the clock_seq_low field to octet 9 of the hash.
o Set octets zero through five of the node field to octets 10
through 15 of the hash.
o Convert the resulting UUID to local byte order.
4.4. Algorithms for Creating a UUID from Truly Random or
Pseudo-Random Numbers
The version 4 UUID is meant for generating UUIDs from truly-random or
pseudo-random numbers.
The algorithm is as follows:
o Set the two most significant bits (bits 6 and 7) of the
clock_seq_hi_and_reserved to zero and one, respectively.
o Set the four most significant bits (bits 12 through 15) of the
time_hi_and_version field to the 4-bit version number from
Section 4.1.3.
o Set all the other bits to randomly (or pseudo-randomly) chosen
values.
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See Section 4.5 for a discussion on random numbers.
4.5. Node IDs that Do Not Identify the Host
This section describes how to generate a version 1 UUID if an IEEE
802 address is not available, or its use is not desired.
One approach is to contact the IEEE and get a separate block of
addresses. At the time of writing, the application could be found at
, and the cost
was US$550.
A better solution is to obtain a 47-bit cryptographic quality random
number and use it as the low 47 bits of the node ID, with the least
significant bit of the first octet of the node ID set to one. This
bit is the unicast/multicast bit, which will never be set in IEEE 802
addresses obtained from network cards. Hence, there can never be a
conflict between UUIDs generated by machines with and without network
cards. (Recall that the IEEE 802 spec talks about transmission
order, which is the opposite of the in-memory representation that is
discussed in this document.)
For compatibility with earlier specifications, note that this
document uses the unicast/multicast bit, instead of the arguably more
correct local/global bit.
Advice on generating cryptographic-quality random numbers can be
found in RFC1750 [5].
In addition, items such as the computer's name and the name of the
operating system, while not strictly speaking random, will help
differentiate the results from those obtained by other systems.
The exact algorithm to generate a node ID using these data is system
specific, because both the data available and the functions to obtain
them are often very system specific. A generic approach, however, is
to accumulate as many sources as possible into a buffer, use a
message digest such as MD5 [4] or SHA-1 [8], take an arbitrary 6
bytes from the hash value, and set the multicast bit as described
above.
5. Community Considerations
The use of UUIDs is extremely pervasive in computing. They comprise
the core identifier infrastructure for many operating systems
(Microsoft Windows) and applications (the Mozilla browser) and in
many cases, become exposed to the Web in many non-standard ways.
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This specification attempts to standardize that practice as openly as
possible and in a way that attempts to benefit the entire Internet.
6. Security Considerations
Do not assume that UUIDs are hard to guess; they should not be used
as security capabilities (identifiers whose mere possession grants
access), for example. A predictable random number source will
exacerbate the situation.
Do not assume that it is easy to determine if a UUID has been
slightly transposed in order to redirect a reference to another
object. Humans do not have the ability to easily check the integrity
of a UUID by simply glancing at it.
Distributed applications generating UUIDs at a variety of hosts must
be willing to rely on the random number source at all hosts. If this
is not feasible, the namespace variant should be used.
7. Acknowledgments
This document draws heavily on the OSF DCE specification for UUIDs.
Ted Ts'o provided helpful comments, especially on the byte ordering
section which we mostly plagiarized from a proposed wording he
supplied (all errors in that section are our responsibility,
however).
We are also grateful to the careful reading and bit-twiddling of Ralf
S. Engelschall, John Larmouth, and Paul Thorpe. Professor Larmouth
was also invaluable in achieving coordination with ISO/IEC.
8. Normative References
[1] Zahn, L., Dineen, T., and P. Leach, "Network Computing
Architecture", ISBN 0-13-611674-4, January 1990.
[2] "DCE: Remote Procedure Call", Open Group CAE Specification C309,
ISBN 1-85912-041-5, August 1994.
[3] ISO/IEC 9834-8:2004 Information Technology, "Procedures for the
operation of OSI Registration Authorities: Generation and
registration of Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) and their
use as ASN.1 Object Identifier components" ITU-T Rec. X.667,
2004.
[4] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm ", RFC 1321, April
1992.
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
[5] Eastlake, D., 3rd, Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
[6] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997.
[7] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[8] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure Hash
Standard", FIPS PUB 180-1, April 1995,
.
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
Appendix A. Appendix A - Sample Implementation
This implementation consists of 5 files: uuid.h, uuid.c, sysdep.h,
sysdep.c and utest.c. The uuid.* files are the system independent
implementation of the UUID generation algorithms described above,
with all the optimizations described above except efficient state
sharing across processes included. The code has been tested on Linux
(Red Hat 4.0) with GCC (2.7.2), and Windows NT 4.0 with VC++ 5.0.
The code assumes 64-bit integer support, which makes it much clearer.
All the following source files should have the following copyright
notice included:
copyrt.h
/*
** Copyright (c) 1990- 1993, 1996 Open Software Foundation, Inc.
** Copyright (c) 1989 by Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, Ca. &
** Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass.
** Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft.
** To anyone who acknowledges that this file is provided "AS IS"
** without any express or implied warranty: permission to use, copy,
** modify, and distribute this file for any purpose is hereby
** granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notices and
** this notice appears in all source code copies, and that none of
** the names of Open Software Foundation, Inc., Hewlett-Packard
** Company, Microsoft, or Digital Equipment Corporation be used in
** advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
** without specific, written prior permission. Neither Open Software
** Foundation, Inc., Hewlett-Packard Company, Microsoft, nor Digital
** Equipment Corporation makes any representations about the
** suitability of this software for any purpose.
*/
uuid.h
#include "copyrt.h"
#undef uuid_t
typedef struct {
unsigned32 time_low;
unsigned16 time_mid;
unsigned16 time_hi_and_version;
unsigned8 clock_seq_hi_and_reserved;
unsigned8 clock_seq_low;
byte node[6];
} uuid_t;
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
/* uuid_create -- generate a UUID */
int uuid_create(uuid_t * uuid);
/* uuid_create_md5_from_name -- create a version 3 (MD5) UUID using a
"name" from a "name space" */
void uuid_create_md5_from_name(
uuid_t *uuid, /* resulting UUID */
uuid_t nsid, /* UUID of the namespace */
void *name, /* the name from which to generate a UUID */
int namelen /* the length of the name */
);
/* uuid_create_sha1_from_name -- create a version 5 (SHA-1) UUID
using a "name" from a "name space" */
void uuid_create_sha1_from_name(
uuid_t *uuid, /* resulting UUID */
uuid_t nsid, /* UUID of the namespace */
void *name, /* the name from which to generate a UUID */
int namelen /* the length of the name */
);
/* uuid_compare -- Compare two UUID's "lexically" and return
-1 u1 is lexically before u2
0 u1 is equal to u2
1 u1 is lexically after u2
Note that lexical ordering is not temporal ordering!
*/
int uuid_compare(uuid_t *u1, uuid_t *u2);
uuid.c
#include "copyrt.h"
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "sysdep.h"
#include "uuid.h"
/* various forward declarations */
static int read_state(unsigned16 *clockseq, uuid_time_t *timestamp,
uuid_node_t *node);
static void write_state(unsigned16 clockseq, uuid_time_t timestamp,
uuid_node_t node);
static void format_uuid_v1(uuid_t *uuid, unsigned16 clockseq,
uuid_time_t timestamp, uuid_node_t node);
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
static void format_uuid_v3or5(uuid_t *uuid, unsigned char hash[16],
int v);
static void get_current_time(uuid_time_t *timestamp);
static unsigned16 true_random(void);
/* uuid_create -- generator a UUID */
int uuid_create(uuid_t *uuid)
{
uuid_time_t timestamp, last_time;
unsigned16 clockseq;
uuid_node_t node;
uuid_node_t last_node;
int f;
/* acquire system-wide lock so we're alone */
LOCK;
/* get time, node ID, saved state from non-volatile storage */
get_current_time(×tamp);
get_ieee_node_identifier(&node);
f = read_state(&clockseq, &last_time, &last_node);
/* if no NV state, or if clock went backwards, or node ID
changed (e.g., new network card) change clockseq */
if (!f || memcmp(&node, &last_node, sizeof node))
clockseq = true_random();
else if (timestamp < last_time)
clockseq++;
/* save the state for next time */
write_state(clockseq, timestamp, node);
UNLOCK;
/* stuff fields into the UUID */
format_uuid_v1(uuid, clockseq, timestamp, node);
return 1;
}
/* format_uuid_v1 -- make a UUID from the timestamp, clockseq,
and node ID */
void format_uuid_v1(uuid_t* uuid, unsigned16 clock_seq,
uuid_time_t timestamp, uuid_node_t node)
{
/* Construct a version 1 uuid with the information we've gathered
plus a few constants. */
uuid->time_low = (unsigned long)(timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF);
uuid->time_mid = (unsigned short)((timestamp >> 32) & 0xFFFF);
uuid->time_hi_and_version =
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
(unsigned short)((timestamp >> 48) & 0x0FFF);
uuid->time_hi_and_version |= (1 << 12);
uuid->clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xFF;
uuid->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved = (clock_seq & 0x3F00) >> 8;
uuid->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved |= 0x80;
memcpy(&uuid->node, &node, sizeof uuid->node);
}
/* data type for UUID generator persistent state */
typedef struct {
uuid_time_t ts; /* saved timestamp */
uuid_node_t node; /* saved node ID */
unsigned16 cs; /* saved clock sequence */
} uuid_state;
static uuid_state st;
/* read_state -- read UUID generator state from non-volatile store */
int read_state(unsigned16 *clockseq, uuid_time_t *timestamp,
uuid_node_t *node)
{
static int inited = 0;
FILE *fp;
/* only need to read state once per boot */
if (!inited) {
fp = fopen("state", "rb");
if (fp == NULL)
return 0;
fread(&st, sizeof st, 1, fp);
fclose(fp);
inited = 1;
}
*clockseq = st.cs;
*timestamp = st.ts;
*node = st.node;
return 1;
}
/* write_state -- save UUID generator state back to non-volatile
storage */
void write_state(unsigned16 clockseq, uuid_time_t timestamp,
uuid_node_t node)
{
static int inited = 0;
static uuid_time_t next_save;
FILE* fp;
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
if (!inited) {
next_save = timestamp;
inited = 1;
}
/* always save state to volatile shared state */
st.cs = clockseq;
st.ts = timestamp;
st.node = node;
if (timestamp >= next_save) {
fp = fopen("state", "wb");
fwrite(&st, sizeof st, 1, fp);
fclose(fp);
/* schedule next save for 10 seconds from now */
next_save = timestamp + (10 * 10 * 1000 * 1000);
}
}
/* get-current_time -- get time as 60-bit 100ns ticks since UUID epoch.
Compensate for the fact that real clock resolution is
less than 100ns. */
void get_current_time(uuid_time_t *timestamp)
{
static int inited = 0;
static uuid_time_t time_last;
static unsigned16 uuids_this_tick;
uuid_time_t time_now;
if (!inited) {
get_system_time(&time_now);
uuids_this_tick = UUIDS_PER_TICK;
inited = 1;
}
for ( ; ; ) {
get_system_time(&time_now);
/* if clock reading changed since last UUID generated, */
if (time_last != time_now) {
/* reset count of uuids gen'd with this clock reading */
uuids_this_tick = 0;
time_last = time_now;
break;
}
if (uuids_this_tick < UUIDS_PER_TICK) {
uuids_this_tick++;
break;
}
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
/* going too fast for our clock; spin */
}
/* add the count of uuids to low order bits of the clock reading */
*timestamp = time_now + uuids_this_tick;
}
/* true_random -- generate a crypto-quality random number.
**This sample doesn't do that.** */
static unsigned16 true_random(void)
{
static int inited = 0;
uuid_time_t time_now;
if (!inited) {
get_system_time(&time_now);
time_now = time_now / UUIDS_PER_TICK;
srand((unsigned int)
(((time_now >> 32) ^ time_now) & 0xffffffff));
inited = 1;
}
return rand();
}
/* uuid_create_md5_from_name -- create a version 3 (MD5) UUID using a
"name" from a "name space" */
void uuid_create_md5_from_name(uuid_t *uuid, uuid_t nsid, void *name,
int namelen)
{
MD5_CTX c;
unsigned char hash[16];
uuid_t net_nsid;
/* put name space ID in network byte order so it hashes the same
no matter what endian machine we're on */
net_nsid = nsid;
net_nsid.time_low = htonl(net_nsid.time_low);
net_nsid.time_mid = htons(net_nsid.time_mid);
net_nsid.time_hi_and_version = htons(net_nsid.time_hi_and_version);
MD5Init(&c);
MD5Update(&c, &net_nsid, sizeof net_nsid);
MD5Update(&c, name, namelen);
MD5Final(hash, &c);
/* the hash is in network byte order at this point */
format_uuid_v3or5(uuid, hash, 3);
}
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
void uuid_create_sha1_from_name(uuid_t *uuid, uuid_t nsid, void *name,
int namelen)
{
SHA_CTX c;
unsigned char hash[20];
uuid_t net_nsid;
/* put name space ID in network byte order so it hashes the same
no matter what endian machine we're on */
net_nsid = nsid;
net_nsid.time_low = htonl(net_nsid.time_low);
net_nsid.time_mid = htons(net_nsid.time_mid);
net_nsid.time_hi_and_version = htons(net_nsid.time_hi_and_version);
SHA1_Init(&c);
SHA1_Update(&c, &net_nsid, sizeof net_nsid);
SHA1_Update(&c, name, namelen);
SHA1_Final(hash, &c);
/* the hash is in network byte order at this point */
format_uuid_v3or5(uuid, hash, 5);
}
/* format_uuid_v3or5 -- make a UUID from a (pseudo)random 128-bit
number */
void format_uuid_v3or5(uuid_t *uuid, unsigned char hash[16], int v)
{
/* convert UUID to local byte order */
memcpy(uuid, hash, sizeof *uuid);
uuid->time_low = ntohl(uuid->time_low);
uuid->time_mid = ntohs(uuid->time_mid);
uuid->time_hi_and_version = ntohs(uuid->time_hi_and_version);
/* put in the variant and version bits */
uuid->time_hi_and_version &= 0x0FFF;
uuid->time_hi_and_version |= (v << 12);
uuid->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved &= 0x3F;
uuid->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved |= 0x80;
}
/* uuid_compare -- Compare two UUID's "lexically" and return */
#define CHECK(f1, f2) if (f1 != f2) return f1 < f2 ? -1 : 1;
int uuid_compare(uuid_t *u1, uuid_t *u2)
{
int i;
CHECK(u1->time_low, u2->time_low);
CHECK(u1->time_mid, u2->time_mid);
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
CHECK(u1->time_hi_and_version, u2->time_hi_and_version);
CHECK(u1->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, u2->clock_seq_hi_and_reserved);
CHECK(u1->clock_seq_low, u2->clock_seq_low)
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
if (u1->node[i] < u2->node[i])
return -1;
if (u1->node[i] > u2->node[i])
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
#undef CHECK
sysdep.h
#include "copyrt.h"
/* remove the following define if you aren't running WIN32 */
#define WININC 0
#ifdef WININC
#include
#else
#include
#include
#include
#endif
#include "global.h"
/* change to point to where MD5 .h's live; RFC 1321 has sample
implementation */
#include "md5.h"
/* set the following to the number of 100ns ticks of the actual
resolution of your system's clock */
#define UUIDS_PER_TICK 1024
/* Set the following to a calls to get and release a global lock */
#define LOCK
#define UNLOCK
typedef unsigned long unsigned32;
typedef unsigned short unsigned16;
typedef unsigned char unsigned8;
typedef unsigned char byte;
/* Set this to what your compiler uses for 64-bit data type */
#ifdef WININC
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
#define unsigned64_t unsigned __int64
#define I64(C) C
#else
#define unsigned64_t unsigned long long
#define I64(C) C##LL
#endif
typedef unsigned64_t uuid_time_t;
typedef struct {
char nodeID[6];
} uuid_node_t;
void get_ieee_node_identifier(uuid_node_t *node);
void get_system_time(uuid_time_t *uuid_time);
void get_random_info(char seed[16]);
sysdep.c
#include "copyrt.h"
#include
#include "sysdep.h"
/* system dependent call to get IEEE node ID.
This sample implementation generates a random node ID. */
void get_ieee_node_identifier(uuid_node_t *node)
{
static inited = 0;
static uuid_node_t saved_node;
char seed[16];
FILE *fp;
if (!inited) {
fp = fopen("nodeid", "rb");
if (fp) {
fread(&saved_node, sizeof saved_node, 1, fp);
fclose(fp);
}
else {
get_random_info(seed);
seed[0] |= 0x01;
memcpy(&saved_node, seed, sizeof saved_node);
fp = fopen("nodeid", "wb");
if (fp) {
fwrite(&saved_node, sizeof saved_node, 1, fp);
fclose(fp);
}
}
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
inited = 1;
}
*node = saved_node;
}
/* system dependent call to get the current system time. Returned as
100ns ticks since UUID epoch, but resolution may be less than
100ns. */
#ifdef _WINDOWS_
void get_system_time(uuid_time_t *uuid_time)
{
ULARGE_INTEGER time;
/* NT keeps time in FILETIME format which is 100ns ticks since
Jan 1, 1601. UUIDs use time in 100ns ticks since Oct 15, 1582.
The difference is 17 Days in Oct + 30 (Nov) + 31 (Dec)
+ 18 years and 5 leap days. */
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime((FILETIME *)&time);
time.QuadPart +=
(unsigned __int64) (1000*1000*10) // seconds
* (unsigned __int64) (60 * 60 * 24) // days
* (unsigned __int64) (17+30+31+365*18+5); // # of days
*uuid_time = time.QuadPart;
}
/* Sample code, not for use in production; see RFC 1750 */
void get_random_info(char seed[16])
{
MD5_CTX c;
struct {
MEMORYSTATUS m;
SYSTEM_INFO s;
FILETIME t;
LARGE_INTEGER pc;
DWORD tc;
DWORD l;
char hostname[MAX_COMPUTERNAME_LENGTH + 1];
} r;
MD5Init(&c);
GlobalMemoryStatus(&r.m);
GetSystemInfo(&r.s);
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&r.t);
QueryPerformanceCounter(&r.pc);
r.tc = GetTickCount();
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
r.l = MAX_COMPUTERNAME_LENGTH + 1;
GetComputerName(r.hostname, &r.l);
MD5Update(&c, &r, sizeof r);
MD5Final(seed, &c);
}
#else
void get_system_time(uuid_time_t *uuid_time)
{
struct timeval tp;
gettimeofday(&tp, (struct timezone *)0);
/* Offset between UUID formatted times and Unix formatted times.
UUID UTC base time is October 15, 1582.
Unix base time is January 1, 1970.*/
*uuid_time = ((unsigned64)tp.tv_sec * 10000000)
+ ((unsigned64)tp.tv_usec * 10)
+ I64(0x01B21DD213814000);
}
/* Sample code, not for use in production; see RFC 1750 */
void get_random_info(char seed[16])
{
MD5_CTX c;
struct {
struct sysinfo s;
struct timeval t;
char hostname[257];
} r;
MD5Init(&c);
sysinfo(&r.s);
gettimeofday(&r.t, (struct timezone *)0);
gethostname(r.hostname, 256);
MD5Update(&c, &r, sizeof r);
MD5Final(seed, &c);
}
#endif
utest.c
#include "copyrt.h"
#include "sysdep.h"
#include
#include "uuid.h"
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
uuid_t NameSpace_DNS = { /* 6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8 */
0x6ba7b810,
0x9dad,
0x11d1,
0x80, 0xb4, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x30, 0xc8
};
/* puid -- print a UUID */
void puid(uuid_t u)
{
int i;
printf("%8.8x-%4.4x-%4.4x-%2.2x%2.2x-", u.time_low, u.time_mid,
u.time_hi_and_version, u.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved,
u.clock_seq_low);
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
printf("%2.2x", u.node[i]);
printf("\n");
}
/* Simple driver for UUID generator */
void main(int argc, char **argv)
{
uuid_t u;
int f;
uuid_create(&u);
printf("uuid_create(): "); puid(u);
f = uuid_compare(&u, &u);
printf("uuid_compare(u,u): %d\n", f); /* should be 0 */
f = uuid_compare(&u, &NameSpace_DNS);
printf("uuid_compare(u, NameSpace_DNS): %d\n", f); /* s.b. 1 */
f = uuid_compare(&NameSpace_DNS, &u);
printf("uuid_compare(NameSpace_DNS, u): %d\n", f); /* s.b. -1 */
uuid_create_md5_from_name(&u, NameSpace_DNS, "www.widgets.com", 15);
printf("uuid_create_md5_from_name(): "); puid(u);
}
Appendix B. Appendix B - Sample Output of utest
uuid_create(): 7d444840-9dc0-11d1-b245-5ffdce74fad2
uuid_compare(u,u): 0
uuid_compare(u, NameSpace_DNS): 1
uuid_compare(NameSpace_DNS, u): -1
uuid_create_md5_from_name(): e902893a-9d22-3c7e-a7b8-d6e313b71d9f
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
Appendix C. Appendix C - Some Name Space IDs
This appendix lists the name space IDs for some potentially
interesting name spaces, as initialized C structures and in the
string representation defined above.
/* Name string is a fully-qualified domain name */
uuid_t NameSpace_DNS = { /* 6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8 */
0x6ba7b810,
0x9dad,
0x11d1,
0x80, 0xb4, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x30, 0xc8
};
/* Name string is a URL */
uuid_t NameSpace_URL = { /* 6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8 */
0x6ba7b811,
0x9dad,
0x11d1,
0x80, 0xb4, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x30, 0xc8
};
/* Name string is an ISO OID */
uuid_t NameSpace_OID = { /* 6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8 */
0x6ba7b812,
0x9dad,
0x11d1,
0x80, 0xb4, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x30, 0xc8
};
/* Name string is an X.500 DN (in DER or a text output format) */
uuid_t NameSpace_X500 = { /* 6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8 */
0x6ba7b814,
0x9dad,
0x11d1,
0x80, 0xb4, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x30, 0xc8
};
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
Authors' Addresses
Paul J. Leach
Microsoft
1 Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
US
Phone: +1 425-882-8080
EMail: paulle@microsoft.com
Michael Mealling
Refactored Networks, LLC
1635 Old Hwy 41
Suite 112, Box 138
Kennesaw, GA 30152
US
Phone: +1-678-581-9656
EMail: michael@refactored-networks.com
URI: http://www.refactored-networks.com
Rich Salz
DataPower Technology, Inc.
1 Alewife Center
Cambridge, MA 02142
US
Phone: +1 617-864-0455
EMail: rsalz@datapower.com
URI: http://www.datapower.com
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]
RFC 4122 A UUID URN Namespace July 2005
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
ipr@ietf.org.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Leach, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC, FYI, BCP