Network Working Group M. Wong
Request for Comments: 4408 W. Schlitt
Category: Experimental April 2006
Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for
Authorizing Use of Domains in E-Mail, Version 1
Status of This Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
IESG Note
The following documents (RFC 4405, RFC 4406, RFC 4407, and RFC 4408)
are published simultaneously as Experimental RFCs, although there is
no general technical consensus and efforts to reconcile the two
approaches have failed. As such, these documents have not received
full IETF review and are published "AS-IS" to document the different
approaches as they were considered in the MARID working group.
The IESG takes no position about which approach is to be preferred
and cautions the reader that there are serious open issues for each
approach and concerns about using them in tandem. The IESG believes
that documenting the different approaches does less harm than not
documenting them.
Note that the Sender ID experiment may use DNS records that may have
been created for the current SPF experiment or earlier versions in
this set of experiments. Depending on the content of the record,
this may mean that Sender-ID heuristics would be applied incorrectly
to a message. Depending on the actions associated by the recipient
with those heuristics, the message may not be delivered or may be
discarded on receipt.
Participants relying on Sender ID experiment DNS records are warned
that they may lose valid messages in this set of circumstances.
aParticipants publishing SPF experiment DNS records should consider
the advice given in section 3.4 of RFC 4406 and may wish to publish
both v=spf1 and spf2.0 records to avoid the conflict.
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Participants in the Sender-ID experiment need to be aware that the
way Resent-* header fields are used will result in failure to receive
legitimate email when interacting with standards-compliant systems
(specifically automatic forwarders which comply with the standards by
not adding Resent-* headers, and systems which comply with RFC 822
but have not yet implemented RFC 2822 Resent-* semantics). It would
be inappropriate to advance Sender-ID on the standards track without
resolving this interoperability problem.
The community is invited to observe the success or failure of the two
approaches during the two years following publication, in order that
a community consensus can be reached in the future.
Abstract
E-mail on the Internet can be forged in a number of ways. In
particular, existing protocols place no restriction on what a sending
host can use as the reverse-path of a message or the domain given on
the SMTP HELO/EHLO commands. This document describes version 1 of
the Sender Policy Framework (SPF) protocol, whereby a domain may
explicitly authorize the hosts that are allowed to use its domain
name, and a receiving host may check such authorization.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
1.1. Protocol Status ............................................4
1.2. Terminology ................................................5
2. Operation .......................................................5
2.1. The HELO Identity ..........................................5
2.2. The MAIL FROM Identity .....................................5
2.3. Publishing Authorization ...................................6
2.4. Checking Authorization .....................................6
2.5. Interpreting the Result ....................................7
2.5.1. None ................................................8
2.5.2. Neutral .............................................8
2.5.3. Pass ................................................8
2.5.4. Fail ................................................8
2.5.5. SoftFail ............................................9
2.5.6. TempError ...........................................9
2.5.7. PermError ...........................................9
3. SPF Records .....................................................9
3.1. Publishing ................................................10
3.1.1. DNS Resource Record Types ..........................10
3.1.2. Multiple DNS Records ...............................11
3.1.3. Multiple Strings in a Single DNS record ............11
3.1.4. Record Size ........................................11
3.1.5. Wildcard Records ...................................11
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4. The check_host() Function ......................................12
4.1. Arguments .................................................12
4.2. Results ...................................................13
4.3. Initial Processing ........................................13
4.4. Record Lookup .............................................13
4.5. Selecting Records .........................................13
4.6. Record Evaluation .........................................14
4.6.1. Term Evaluation ....................................14
4.6.2. Mechanisms .........................................15
4.6.3. Modifiers ..........................................15
4.7. Default Result ............................................16
4.8. Domain Specification ......................................16
5. Mechanism Definitions ..........................................16
5.1. "all" .....................................................17
5.2. "include" .................................................18
5.3. "a" .......................................................19
5.4. "mx" ......................................................20
5.5. "ptr" .....................................................20
5.6. "ip4" and "ip6" ...........................................21
5.7. "exists" ..................................................22
6. Modifier Definitions ...........................................22
6.1. redirect: Redirected Query ................................23
6.2. exp: Explanation ..........................................23
7. The Received-SPF Header Field ..................................25
8. Macros .........................................................27
8.1. Macro Definitions .........................................27
8.2. Expansion Examples ........................................30
9. Implications ...................................................31
9.1. Sending Domains ...........................................31
9.2. Mailing Lists .............................................32
9.3. Forwarding Services and Aliases ...........................32
9.4. Mail Services .............................................34
9.5. MTA Relays ................................................34
10. Security Considerations .......................................35
10.1. Processing Limits ........................................35
10.2. SPF-Authorized E-Mail May Contain Other False
Identities ...............................................37
10.3. Spoofed DNS and IP Data ..................................37
10.4. Cross-User Forgery .......................................37
10.5. Untrusted Information Sources ............................38
10.6. Privacy Exposure .........................................38
11. Contributors and Acknowledgements .............................38
12. IANA Considerations ...........................................39
12.1. The SPF DNS Record Type ..................................39
12.2. The Received-SPF Mail Header Field .......................39
13. References ....................................................39
13.1. Normative References .....................................39
13.2. Informative References ...................................40
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Appendix A. Collected ABNF .......................................42
Appendix B. Extended Examples ....................................44
B.1. Simple Examples ..........................................44
B.2. Multiple Domain Example ..................................45
B.3. DNSBL Style Example ......................................46
B.4. Multiple Requirements Example ............................46
1. Introduction
The current E-Mail infrastructure has the property that any host
injecting mail into the mail system can identify itself as any domain
name it wants. Hosts can do this at a variety of levels: in
particular, the session, the envelope, and the mail headers.
Although this feature is desirable in some circumstances, it is a
major obstacle to reducing Unsolicited Bulk E-Mail (UBE, aka spam).
Furthermore, many domain name holders are understandably concerned
about the ease with which other entities may make use of their domain
names, often with malicious intent.
This document defines a protocol by which domain owners may authorize
hosts to use their domain name in the "MAIL FROM" or "HELO" identity.
Compliant domain holders publish Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
records specifying which hosts are permitted to use their names, and
compliant mail receivers use the published SPF records to test the
authorization of sending Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) using a given
"HELO" or "MAIL FROM" identity during a mail transaction.
An additional benefit to mail receivers is that after the use of an
identity is verified, local policy decisions about the mail can be
made based on the sender's domain, rather than the host's IP address.
This is advantageous because reputation of domain names is likely to
be more accurate than reputation of host IP addresses. Furthermore,
if a claimed identity fails verification, local policy can take
stronger action against such E-Mail, such as rejecting it.
1.1. Protocol Status
SPF has been in development since the summer of 2003 and has seen
deployment beyond the developers beginning in December 2003. The
design of SPF slowly evolved until the spring of 2004 and has since
stabilized. There have been quite a number of forms of SPF, some
written up as documents, some submitted as Internet Drafts, and many
discussed and debated in development forums.
The goal of this document is to clearly document the protocol defined
by earlier draft specifications of SPF as used in existing
implementations. This conception of SPF is sometimes called "SPF
Classic". It is understood that particular implementations and
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deployments may differ from, and build upon, this work. It is hoped
that we have nonetheless captured the common understanding of SPF
version 1.
1.2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This document is concerned with the portion of a mail message
commonly called "envelope sender", "return path", "reverse path",
"bounce address", "2821 FROM", or "MAIL FROM". Since these terms are
either not well defined or often used casually, this document defines
the "MAIL FROM" identity in Section 2.2. Note that other terms that
may superficially look like the common terms, such as "reverse-path",
are used only with the defined meanings from normative documents.
2. Operation
2.1. The HELO Identity
The "HELO" identity derives from either the SMTP HELO or EHLO command
(see [RFC2821]). These commands supply the SMTP client (sending
host) for the SMTP session. Note that requirements for the domain
presented in the EHLO or HELO command are not always clear to the
sending party, and SPF clients must be prepared for the "HELO"
identity to be malformed or an IP address literal. At the time of
this writing, many legitimate E-Mails are delivered with invalid HELO
domains.
It is RECOMMENDED that SPF clients not only check the "MAIL FROM"
identity, but also separately check the "HELO" identity by applying
the check_host() function (Section 4) to the "HELO" identity as the
.
2.2. The MAIL FROM Identity
The "MAIL FROM" identity derives from the SMTP MAIL command (see
[RFC2821]). This command supplies the "reverse-path" for a message,
which generally consists of the sender mailbox, and is the mailbox to
which notification messages are to be sent if there are problems
delivering the message.
[RFC2821] allows the reverse-path to be null (see Section 4.5.5 in
RFC 2821). In this case, there is no explicit sender mailbox, and
such a message can be assumed to be a notification message from the
mail system itself. When the reverse-path is null, this document
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defines the "MAIL FROM" identity to be the mailbox composed of the
localpart "postmaster" and the "HELO" identity (which may or may not
have been checked separately before).
SPF clients MUST check the "MAIL FROM" identity. SPF clients check
the "MAIL FROM" identity by applying the check_host() function to the
"MAIL FROM" identity as the .
2.3. Publishing Authorization
An SPF-compliant domain MUST publish a valid SPF record as described
in Section 3. This record authorizes the use of the domain name in
the "HELO" and "MAIL FROM" identities by the MTAs it specifies.
If domain owners choose to publish SPF records, it is RECOMMENDED
that they end in "-all", or redirect to other records that do, so
that a definitive determination of authorization can be made.
Domain holders may publish SPF records that explicitly authorize no
hosts if mail should never originate using that domain.
When changing SPF records, care must be taken to ensure that there is
a transition period so that the old policy remains valid until all
legitimate E-Mail has been checked.
2.4. Checking Authorization
A mail receiver can perform a set of SPF checks for each mail message
it receives. An SPF check tests the authorization of a client host
to emit mail with a given identity. Typically, such checks are done
by a receiving MTA, but can be performed elsewhere in the mail
processing chain so long as the required information is available and
reliable. At least the "MAIL FROM" identity MUST be checked, but it
is RECOMMENDED that the "HELO" identity also be checked beforehand.
Without explicit approval of the domain owner, checking other
identities against SPF version 1 records is NOT RECOMMENDED because
there are cases that are known to give incorrect results. For
example, almost all mailing lists rewrite the "MAIL FROM" identity
(see Section 9.2), but some do not change any other identities in the
message. The scenario described in Section 9.3, sub-section 1.2, is
another example. Documents that define other identities should
define the method for explicit approval.
It is possible that mail receivers will use the SPF check as part of
a larger set of tests on incoming mail. The results of other tests
may influence whether or not a particular SPF check is performed.
For example, finding the sending host's IP address on a local white
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list may cause all other tests to be skipped and all mail from that
host to be accepted.
When a mail receiver decides to perform an SPF check, it MUST use a
correctly-implemented check_host() function (Section 4) evaluated
with the correct parameters. Although the test as a whole is
optional, once it has been decided to perform a test it must be
performed as specified so that the correct semantics are preserved
between publisher and receiver.
To make the test, the mail receiver MUST evaluate the check_host()
function with the arguments set as follows:
- the IP address of the SMTP client that is emitting the
mail, either IPv4 or IPv6.
- the domain portion of the "MAIL FROM" or "HELO" identity.
- the "MAIL FROM" or "HELO" identity.
Note that the argument may not be a well-formed domain name.
For example, if the reverse-path was null, then the EHLO/HELO domain
is used, with its associated problems (see Section 2.1). In these
cases, check_host() is defined in Section 4.3 to return a "None"
result.
Although invalid, malformed, or non-existent domains cause SPF checks
to return "None" because no SPF record can be found, it has long been
the policy of many MTAs to reject E-Mail from such domains,
especially in the case of invalid "MAIL FROM". In order to prevent
the circumvention of SPF records, rejecting E-Mail from invalid
domains should be considered.
Implementations must take care to correctly extract the from
the data given with the SMTP MAIL FROM command as many MTAs will
still accept such things as source routes (see [RFC2821], Appendix
C), the %-hack (see [RFC1123]), and bang paths (see [RFC1983]).
These archaic features have been maliciously used to bypass security
systems.
2.5. Interpreting the Result
This section describes how software that performs the authorization
should interpret the results of the check_host() function. The
authorization check SHOULD be performed during the processing of the
SMTP transaction that sends the mail. This allows errors to be
returned directly to the sending MTA by way of SMTP replies.
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Performing the authorization after the SMTP transaction has finished
may cause problems, such as the following: (1) It may be difficult to
accurately extract the required information from potentially
deceptive headers; (2) legitimate E-Mail may fail because the
sender's policy may have since changed.
Generating non-delivery notifications to forged identities that have
failed the authorization check is generally abusive and against the
explicit wishes of the identity owner.
2.5.1. None
A result of "None" means that no records were published by the domain
or that no checkable sender domain could be determined from the given
identity. The checking software cannot ascertain whether or not the
client host is authorized.
2.5.2. Neutral
The domain owner has explicitly stated that he cannot or does not
want to assert whether or not the IP address is authorized. A
"Neutral" result MUST be treated exactly like the "None" result; the
distinction exists only for informational purposes. Treating
"Neutral" more harshly than "None" would discourage domain owners
from testing the use of SPF records (see Section 9.1).
2.5.3. Pass
A "Pass" result means that the client is authorized to inject mail
with the given identity. The domain can now, in the sense of
reputation, be considered responsible for sending the message.
Further policy checks can now proceed with confidence in the
legitimate use of the identity.
2.5.4. Fail
A "Fail" result is an explicit statement that the client is not
authorized to use the domain in the given identity. The checking
software can choose to mark the mail based on this or to reject the
mail outright.
If the checking software chooses to reject the mail during the SMTP
transaction, then it SHOULD use an SMTP reply code of 550 (see
[RFC2821]) and, if supported, the 5.7.1 Delivery Status Notification
(DSN) code (see [RFC3464]), in addition to an appropriate reply text.
The check_host() function may return either a default explanation
string or one from the domain that published the SPF records (see
Section 6.2). If the information does not originate with the
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checking software, it should be made clear that the text is provided
by the sender's domain. For example:
550-5.7.1 SPF MAIL FROM check failed:
550-5.7.1 The domain example.com explains:
550 5.7.1 Please see http://www.example.com/mailpolicy.html
2.5.5. SoftFail
A "SoftFail" result should be treated as somewhere between a "Fail"
and a "Neutral". The domain believes the host is not authorized but
is not willing to make that strong of a statement. Receiving
software SHOULD NOT reject the message based solely on this result,
but MAY subject the message to closer scrutiny than normal.
The domain owner wants to discourage the use of this host and thus
desires limited feedback when a "SoftFail" result occurs. For
example, the recipient's Mail User Agent (MUA) could highlight the
"SoftFail" status, or the receiving MTA could give the sender a
message using a technique called "greylisting" whereby the MTA can
issue an SMTP reply code of 451 (4.3.0 DSN code) with a note the
first time the message is received, but accept it the second time.
2.5.6. TempError
A "TempError" result means that the SPF client encountered a
transient error while performing the check. Checking software can
choose to accept or temporarily reject the message. If the message
is rejected during the SMTP transaction for this reason, the software
SHOULD use an SMTP reply code of 451 and, if supported, the 4.4.3 DSN
code.
2.5.7. PermError
A "PermError" result means that the domain's published records could
not be correctly interpreted. This signals an error condition that
requires manual intervention to be resolved, as opposed to the
TempError result. Be aware that if the domain owner uses macros
(Section 8), it is possible that this result is due to the checked
identities having an unexpected format.
3. SPF Records
An SPF record is a DNS Resource Record (RR) that declares which hosts
are, and are not, authorized to use a domain name for the "HELO" and
"MAIL FROM" identities. Loosely, the record partitions all hosts
into permitted and not-permitted sets (though some hosts might fall
into neither category).
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The SPF record is a single string of text. An example record is the
following:
v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all
This record has a version of "spf1" and three directives: "+mx",
"a:colo.example.com/28" (the + is implied), and "-all".
3.1. Publishing
Domain owners wishing to be SPF compliant must publish SPF records
for the hosts that are used in the "MAIL FROM" and "HELO" identities.
The SPF records are placed in the DNS tree at the host name it
pertains to, not a subdomain under it, such as is done with SRV
records. This is the same whether the TXT or SPF RR type (see
Section 3.1.1) is used.
The example above in Section 3 might be published via these lines in
a domain zone file:
example.com. TXT "v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all"
smtp-out.example.com. TXT "v=spf1 a -all"
When publishing via TXT records, beware of other TXT records
published there for other purposes. They may cause problems with
size limits (see Section 3.1.4).
3.1.1. DNS Resource Record Types
This document defines a new DNS RR of type SPF, code 99. The format
of this type is identical to the TXT RR [RFC1035]. For either type,
the character content of the record is encoded as [US-ASCII].
It is recognized that the current practice (using a TXT record) is
not optimal, but it is necessary because there are a number of DNS
server and resolver implementations in common use that cannot handle
the new RR type. The two-record-type scheme provides a forward path
to the better solution of using an RR type reserved for this purpose.
An SPF-compliant domain name SHOULD have SPF records of both RR
types. A compliant domain name MUST have a record of at least one
type. If a domain has records of both types, they MUST have
identical content. For example, instead of publishing just one
record as in Section 3.1 above, it is better to publish:
example.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all"
example.com. IN SPF "v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all"
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Example RRs in this document are shown with the TXT record type;
however, they could be published with the SPF type or with both
types.
3.1.2. Multiple DNS Records
A domain name MUST NOT have multiple records that would cause an
authorization check to select more than one record. See Section 4.5
for the selection rules.
3.1.3. Multiple Strings in a Single DNS record
As defined in [RFC1035] sections 3.3.14 and 3.3, a single text DNS
record (either TXT or SPF RR types) can be composed of more than one
string. If a published record contains multiple strings, then the
record MUST be treated as if those strings are concatenated together
without adding spaces. For example:
IN TXT "v=spf1 .... first" "second string..."
MUST be treated as equivalent to
IN TXT "v=spf1 .... firstsecond string..."
SPF or TXT records containing multiple strings are useful in
constructing records that would exceed the 255-byte maximum length of
a string within a single TXT or SPF RR record.
3.1.4. Record Size
The published SPF record for a given domain name SHOULD remain small
enough that the results of a query for it will fit within 512 octets.
This will keep even older DNS implementations from falling over to
TCP. Since the answer size is dependent on many things outside the
scope of this document, it is only possible to give this guideline:
If the combined length of the DNS name and the text of all the
records of a given type (TXT or SPF) is under 450 characters, then
DNS answers should fit in UDP packets. Note that when computing the
sizes for queries of the TXT format, one must take into account any
other TXT records published at the domain name. Records that are too
long to fit in a single UDP packet MAY be silently ignored by SPF
clients.
3.1.5. Wildcard Records
Use of wildcard records for publishing is not recommended. Care must
be taken if wildcard records are used. If a domain publishes
wildcard MX records, it may want to publish wildcard declarations,
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subject to the same requirements and problems. In particular, the
declaration must be repeated for any host that has any RR records at
all, and for subdomains thereof. For example, the example given in
[RFC1034], Section 4.3.3, could be extended with the following:
X.COM. MX 10 A.X.COM
X.COM. TXT "v=spf1 a:A.X.COM -all"
*.X.COM. MX 10 A.X.COM
*.X.COM. TXT "v=spf1 a:A.X.COM -all"
A.X.COM. A 1.2.3.4
A.X.COM. MX 10 A.X.COM
A.X.COM. TXT "v=spf1 a:A.X.COM -all"
*.A.X.COM. MX 10 A.X.COM
*.A.X.COM. TXT "v=spf1 a:A.X.COM -all"
Notice that SPF records must be repeated twice for every name within
the domain: once for the name, and once with a wildcard to cover the
tree under the name.
Use of wildcards is discouraged in general as they cause every name
under the domain to exist and queries against arbitrary names will
never return RCODE 3 (Name Error).
4. The check_host() Function
The check_host() function fetches SPF records, parses them, and
interprets them to determine whether a particular host is or is not
permitted to send mail with a given identity. Mail receivers that
perform this check MUST correctly evaluate the check_host() function
as described here.
Implementations MAY use a different algorithm than the canonical
algorithm defined here, so long as the results are the same in all
cases.
4.1. Arguments
The check_host() function takes these arguments:
- the IP address of the SMTP client that is emitting the
mail, either IPv4 or IPv6.
- the domain that provides the sought-after authorization
information; initially, the domain portion of the "MAIL
FROM" or "HELO" identity.
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- the "MAIL FROM" or "HELO" identity.
The domain portion of will usually be the same as the
argument when check_host() is initially evaluated. However,
this will generally not be true for recursive evaluations (see
Section 5.2 below).
Actual implementations of the check_host() function may need
additional arguments.
4.2. Results
The function check_host() can return one of several results described
in Section 2.5. Based on the result, the action to be taken is
determined by the local policies of the receiver.
4.3. Initial Processing
If the is malformed (label longer than 63 characters, zero-
length label not at the end, etc.) or is not a fully qualified domain
name, or if the DNS lookup returns "domain does not exist" (RCODE 3),
check_host() immediately returns the result "None".
If the has no localpart, substitute the string "postmaster"
for the localpart.
4.4. Record Lookup
In accordance with how the records are published (see Section 3.1
above), a DNS query needs to be made for the name, querying
for either RR type TXT, SPF, or both. If both SPF and TXT RRs are
looked up, the queries MAY be done in parallel.
If all DNS lookups that are made return a server failure (RCODE 2),
or other error (RCODE other than 0 or 3), or time out, then
check_host() exits immediately with the result "TempError".
4.5. Selecting Records
Records begin with a version section:
record = version terms *SP
version = "v=spf1"
Starting with the set of records that were returned by the lookup,
record selection proceeds in two steps:
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1. Records that do not begin with a version section of exactly
"v=spf1" are discarded. Note that the version section is
terminated either by an SP character or the end of the record. A
record with a version section of "v=spf10" does not match and must
be discarded.
2. If any records of type SPF are in the set, then all records of
type TXT are discarded.
After the above steps, there should be exactly one record remaining
and evaluation can proceed. If there are two or more records
remaining, then check_host() exits immediately with the result of
"PermError".
If no matching records are returned, an SPF client MUST assume that
the domain makes no SPF declarations. SPF processing MUST stop and
return "None".
4.6. Record Evaluation
After one SPF record has been selected, the check_host() function
parses and interprets it to find a result for the current test. If
there are any syntax errors, check_host() returns immediately with
the result "PermError".
Implementations MAY choose to parse the entire record first and
return "PermError" if the record is not syntactically well formed.
However, in all cases, any syntax errors anywhere in the record MUST
be detected.
4.6.1. Term Evaluation
There are two types of terms: mechanisms and modifiers. A record
contains an ordered list of these as specified in the following
Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF).
terms = *( 1*SP ( directive / modifier ) )
directive = [ qualifier ] mechanism
qualifier = "+" / "-" / "?" / "~"
mechanism = ( all / include
/ A / MX / PTR / IP4 / IP6 / exists )
modifier = redirect / explanation / unknown-modifier
unknown-modifier = name "=" macro-string
name = ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_" / "." )
Most mechanisms allow a ":" or "/" character after the name.
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Modifiers always contain an equals ('=') character immediately after
the name, and before any ":" or "/" characters that may be part of
the macro-string.
Terms that do not contain any of "=", ":", or "/" are mechanisms, as
defined in Section 5.
As per the definition of the ABNF notation in [RFC4234], mechanism
and modifier names are case-insensitive.
4.6.2. Mechanisms
Each mechanism is considered in turn from left to right. If there
are no more mechanisms, the result is specified in Section 4.7.
When a mechanism is evaluated, one of three things can happen: it can
match, not match, or throw an exception.
If it matches, processing ends and the qualifier value is returned as
the result of that record. If it does not match, processing
continues with the next mechanism. If it throws an exception,
mechanism processing ends and the exception value is returned.
The possible qualifiers, and the results they return are as follows:
"+" Pass
"-" Fail
"~" SoftFail
"?" Neutral
The qualifier is optional and defaults to "+".
When a mechanism matches and the qualifier is "-", then a "Fail"
result is returned and the explanation string is computed as
described in Section 6.2.
The specific mechanisms are described in Section 5.
4.6.3. Modifiers
Modifiers are not mechanisms: they do not return match or not-match.
Instead they provide additional information. Although modifiers do
not directly affect the evaluation of the record, the "redirect"
modifier has an effect after all the mechanisms have been evaluated.
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4.7. Default Result
If none of the mechanisms match and there is no "redirect" modifier,
then the check_host() returns a result of "Neutral", just as if
"?all" were specified as the last directive. If there is a
"redirect" modifier, check_host() proceeds as defined in Section 6.1.
Note that records SHOULD always use either a "redirect" modifier or
an "all" mechanism to explicitly terminate processing.
For example:
v=spf1 +mx -all
or
v=spf1 +mx redirect=_spf.example.com
4.8. Domain Specification
Several of these mechanisms and modifiers have a
section. The string is macro expanded (see Section 8).
The resulting string is the common presentation form of a fully-
qualified DNS name: a series of labels separated by periods. This
domain is called the in the rest of this document.
Note: The result of the macro expansion is not subject to any further
escaping. Hence, this facility cannot produce all characters that
are legal in a DNS label (e.g., the control characters). However,
this facility is powerful enough to express legal host names and
common utility labels (such as "_spf") that are used in DNS.
For several mechanisms, the is optional. If it is not
provided, the is used as the .
5. Mechanism Definitions
This section defines two types of mechanisms.
Basic mechanisms contribute to the language framework. They do not
specify a particular type of authorization scheme.
all
include
Designated sender mechanisms are used to designate a set of
addresses as being permitted or not permitted to use the for
sending mail.
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a
mx
ptr
ip4
ip6
exists
The following conventions apply to all mechanisms that perform a
comparison between and an IP address at any point:
If no CIDR-length is given in the directive, then and the IP
address are compared for equality. (Here, CIDR is Classless Inter-
Domain Routing.)
If a CIDR-length is specified, then only the specified number of
high-order bits of and the IP address are compared for equality.
When any mechanism fetches host addresses to compare with , when
is an IPv4 address, A records are fetched, when is an IPv6
address, AAAA records are fetched. Even if the SMTP connection is
via IPv6, an IPv4-mapped IPv6 IP address (see [RFC3513], Section
2.5.5) MUST still be considered an IPv4 address.
Several mechanisms rely on information fetched from DNS. For these
DNS queries, except where noted, if the DNS server returns an error
(RCODE other than 0 or 3) or the query times out, the mechanism
throws the exception "TempError". If the server returns "domain does
not exist" (RCODE 3), then evaluation of the mechanism continues as
if the server returned no error (RCODE 0) and zero answer records.
5.1. "all"
all = "all"
The "all" mechanism is a test that always matches. It is used as the
rightmost mechanism in a record to provide an explicit default.
For example:
v=spf1 a mx -all
Mechanisms after "all" will never be tested. Any "redirect" modifier
(Section 6.1) has no effect when there is an "all" mechanism.
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5.2. "include"
include = "include" ":" domain-spec
The "include" mechanism triggers a recursive evaluation of
check_host(). The domain-spec is expanded as per Section 8. Then
check_host() is evaluated with the resulting string as the .
The and arguments remain the same as in the current
evaluation of check_host().
In hindsight, the name "include" was poorly chosen. Only the
evaluated result of the referenced SPF record is used, rather than
acting as if the referenced SPF record was literally included in the
first. For example, evaluating a "-all" directive in the referenced
record does not terminate the overall processing and does not
necessarily result in an overall "Fail". (Better names for this
mechanism would have been "if-pass", "on-pass", etc.)
The "include" mechanism makes it possible for one domain to designate
multiple administratively-independent domains. For example, a vanity
domain "example.net" might send mail using the servers of
administratively-independent domains example.com and example.org.
Example.net could say
IN TXT "v=spf1 include:example.com include:example.org -all"
This would direct check_host() to, in effect, check the records of
example.com and example.org for a "Pass" result. Only if the host
were not permitted for either of those domains would the result be
"Fail".
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Whether this mechanism matches, does not match, or throws an
exception depends on the result of the recursive evaluation of
check_host():
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| A recursive check_host() result | Causes the "include" mechanism |
| of: | to: |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Pass | match |
| | |
| Fail | not match |
| | |
| SoftFail | not match |
| | |
| Neutral | not match |
| | |
| TempError | throw TempError |
| | |
| PermError | throw PermError |
| | |
| None | throw PermError |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
The "include" mechanism is intended for crossing administrative
boundaries. Although it is possible to use includes to consolidate
multiple domains that share the same set of designated hosts, domains
are encouraged to use redirects where possible, and to minimize the
number of includes within a single administrative domain. For
example, if example.com and example.org were managed by the same
entity, and if the permitted set of hosts for both domains was
"mx:example.com", it would be possible for example.org to specify
"include:example.com", but it would be preferable to specify
"redirect=example.com" or even "mx:example.com".
5.3. "a"
This mechanism matches if is one of the 's IP
addresses.
A = "a" [ ":" domain-spec ] [ dual-cidr-length ]
An address lookup is done on the . The is compared
to the returned address(es). If any address matches, the mechanism
matches.
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5.4. "mx"
This mechanism matches if is one of the MX hosts for a domain
name.
MX = "mx" [ ":" domain-spec ] [ dual-cidr-length ]
check_host() first performs an MX lookup on the . Then
it performs an address lookup on each MX name returned. The is
compared to each returned IP address. To prevent Denial of Service
(DoS) attacks, more than 10 MX names MUST NOT be looked up during the
evaluation of an "mx" mechanism (see Section 10). If any address
matches, the mechanism matches.
Note regarding implicit MXs: If the has no MX records,
check_host() MUST NOT pretend the target is its single MX, and MUST
NOT default to an A lookup on the directly. This
behavior breaks with the legacy "implicit MX" rule. See [RFC2821],
Section 5. If such behavior is desired, the publisher should specify
an "a" directive.
5.5. "ptr"
This mechanism tests whether the DNS reverse-mapping for exists
and correctly points to a domain name within a particular domain.
PTR = "ptr" [ ":" domain-spec ]
First, the 's name is looked up using this procedure: perform a
DNS reverse-mapping for , looking up the corresponding PTR record
in "in-addr.arpa." if the address is an IPv4 one and in "ip6.arpa."
if it is an IPv6 address. For each record returned, validate the
domain name by looking up its IP address. To prevent DoS attacks,
more than 10 PTR names MUST NOT be looked up during the evaluation of
a "ptr" mechanism (see Section 10). If is among the returned IP
addresses, then that domain name is validated. In pseudocode:
sending-domain_names := ptr_lookup(sending-host_IP); if more than 10
sending-domain_names are found, use at most 10. for each name in
(sending-domain_names) {
IP_addresses := a_lookup(name);
if the sending-domain_IP is one of the IP_addresses {
validated-sending-domain_names += name;
} }
Check all validated domain names to see if they end in the
domain. If any do, this mechanism matches. If no
validated domain name can be found, or if none of the validated
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domain names end in the , this mechanism fails to match.
If a DNS error occurs while doing the PTR RR lookup, then this
mechanism fails to match. If a DNS error occurs while doing an A RR
lookup, then that domain name is skipped and the search continues.
Pseudocode:
for each name in (validated-sending-domain_names) {
if name ends in , return match.
if name is , return match.
}
return no-match.
This mechanism matches if the is either an ancestor of
a validated domain name or if the and a validated
domain name are the same. For example: "mail.example.com" is within
the domain "example.com", but "mail.bad-example.com" is not.
Note: Use of this mechanism is discouraged because it is slow, it is
not as reliable as other mechanisms in cases of DNS errors, and it
places a large burden on the arpa name servers. If used, proper PTR
records must be in place for the domain's hosts and the "ptr"
mechanism should be one of the last mechanisms checked.
5.6. "ip4" and "ip6"
These mechanisms test whether is contained within a given IP
network.
IP4 = "ip4" ":" ip4-network [ ip4-cidr-length ]
IP6 = "ip6" ":" ip6-network [ ip6-cidr-length ]
ip4-cidr-length = "/" 1*DIGIT
ip6-cidr-length = "/" 1*DIGIT
dual-cidr-length = [ ip4-cidr-length ] [ "/" ip6-cidr-length ]
ip4-network = qnum "." qnum "." qnum "." qnum
qnum = DIGIT ; 0-9
/ %x31-39 DIGIT ; 10-99
/ "1" 2DIGIT ; 100-199
/ "2" %x30-34 DIGIT ; 200-249
/ "25" %x30-35 ; 250-255
; as per conventional dotted quad notation. e.g., 192.0.2.0
ip6-network =
; e.g., 2001:DB8::CD30
The is compared to the given network. If CIDR-length high-order
bits match, the mechanism matches.
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If ip4-cidr-length is omitted, it is taken to be "/32". If
ip6-cidr-length is omitted, it is taken to be "/128". It is not
permitted to omit parts of the IP address instead of using CIDR
notations. That is, use 192.0.2.0/24 instead of 192.0.2.
5.7. "exists"
This mechanism is used to construct an arbitrary domain name that is
used for a DNS A record query. It allows for complicated schemes
involving arbitrary parts of the mail envelope to determine what is
permitted.
exists = "exists" ":" domain-spec
The domain-spec is expanded as per Section 8. The resulting domain
name is used for a DNS A RR lookup. If any A record is returned,
this mechanism matches. The lookup type is A even when the
connection type is IPv6.
Domains can use this mechanism to specify arbitrarily complex
queries. For example, suppose example.com publishes the record:
v=spf1 exists:%{ir}.%{l1r+-}._spf.%{d} -all
The might expand to
"1.2.0.192.someuser._spf.example.com". This makes fine-grained
decisions possible at the level of the user and client IP address.
This mechanism enables queries that mimic the style of tests that
existing anti-spam DNS blacklists (DNSBL) use.
6. Modifier Definitions
Modifiers are name/value pairs that provide additional information.
Modifiers always have an "=" separating the name and the value.
The modifiers defined in this document ("redirect" and "exp") MAY
appear anywhere in the record, but SHOULD appear at the end, after
all mechanisms. Ordering of these two modifiers does not matter.
These two modifiers MUST NOT appear in a record more than once each.
If they do, then check_host() exits with a result of "PermError".
Unrecognized modifiers MUST be ignored no matter where in a record,
or how often. This allows implementations of this document to
gracefully handle records with modifiers that are defined in other
specifications.
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6.1. redirect: Redirected Query
If all mechanisms fail to match, and a "redirect" modifier is
present, then processing proceeds as follows:
redirect = "redirect" "=" domain-spec
The domain-spec portion of the redirect section is expanded as per
the macro rules in Section 8. Then check_host() is evaluated with
the resulting string as the . The and
arguments remain the same as current evaluation of check_host().
The result of this new evaluation of check_host() is then considered
the result of the current evaluation with the exception that if no
SPF record is found, or if the target-name is malformed, the result
is a "PermError" rather than "None".
Note that the newly-queried domain may itself specify redirect
processing.
This facility is intended for use by organizations that wish to apply
the same record to multiple domains. For example:
la.example.com. TXT "v=spf1 redirect=_spf.example.com"
ny.example.com. TXT "v=spf1 redirect=_spf.example.com"
sf.example.com. TXT "v=spf1 redirect=_spf.example.com"
_spf.example.com. TXT "v=spf1 mx:example.com -all"
In this example, mail from any of the three domains is described by
the same record. This can be an administrative advantage.
Note: In general, the domain "A" cannot reliably use a redirect to
another domain "B" not under the same administrative control. Since
the stays the same, there is no guarantee that the record at
domain "B" will correctly work for mailboxes in domain "A",
especially if domain "B" uses mechanisms involving localparts. An
"include" directive may be more appropriate.
For clarity, it is RECOMMENDED that any "redirect" modifier appear as
the very last term in a record.
6.2. exp: Explanation
explanation = "exp" "=" domain-spec
If check_host() results in a "Fail" due to a mechanism match (such as
"-all"), and the "exp" modifier is present, then the explanation
string returned is computed as described below. If no "exp" modifier
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is present, then either a default explanation string or an empty
explanation string may be returned.
The is macro expanded (see Section 8) and becomes the
. The DNS TXT record for the is fetched.
If is empty, or there are any DNS processing errors
(any RCODE other than 0), or if no records are returned, or if more
than one record is returned, or if there are syntax errors in the
explanation string, then proceed as if no exp modifier was given.
The fetched TXT record's strings are concatenated with no spaces, and
then treated as an , which is macro-expanded. This
final result is the explanation string. Implementations MAY limit
the length of the resulting explanation string to allow for other
protocol constraints and/or reasonable processing limits. Since the
explanation string is intended for an SMTP response and [RFC2821]
Section 2.4 says that responses are in [US-ASCII], the explanation
string is also limited to US-ASCII.
Software evaluating check_host() can use this string to communicate
information from the publishing domain in the form of a short message
or URL. Software SHOULD make it clear that the explanation string
comes from a third party. For example, it can prepend the macro
string "%{o} explains: " to the explanation, such as shown in Section
2.5.4.
Suppose example.com has this record:
v=spf1 mx -all exp=explain._spf.%{d}
Here are some examples of possible explanation TXT records at
explain._spf.example.com:
"Mail from example.com should only be sent by its own servers."
-- a simple, constant message
"%{i} is not one of %{d}'s designated mail servers."
-- a message with a little more information, including the IP
address that failed the check
"See http://%{d}/why.html?s=%{S}&i=%{I}"
-- a complicated example that constructs a URL with the
arguments to check_host() so that a web page can be
generated with detailed, custom instructions
Note: During recursion into an "include" mechanism, an exp= modifier
from the MUST NOT be used. In contrast, when executing
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a "redirect" modifier, an exp= modifier from the original domain MUST
NOT be used.
7. The Received-SPF Header Field
It is RECOMMENDED that SMTP receivers record the result of SPF
processing in the message header. If an SMTP receiver chooses to do
so, it SHOULD use the "Received-SPF" header field defined here for
each identity that was checked. This information is intended for the
recipient. (Information intended for the sender is described in
Section 6.2, Explanation.)
The Received-SPF header field is a trace field (see [RFC2822] Section
3.6.7) and SHOULD be prepended to the existing header, above the
Received: field that is generated by the SMTP receiver. It MUST
appear above all other Received-SPF fields in the message. The
header field has the following format:
header-field = "Received-SPF:" [CFWS] result FWS [comment FWS]
[ key-value-list ] CRLF
result = "Pass" / "Fail" / "SoftFail" / "Neutral" /
"None" / "TempError" / "PermError"
key-value-list = key-value-pair *( ";" [CFWS] key-value-pair )
[";"]
key-value-pair = key [CFWS] "=" ( dot-atom / quoted-string )
key = "client-ip" / "envelope-from" / "helo" /
"problem" / "receiver" / "identity" /
mechanism / "x-" name / name
identity = "mailfrom" ; for the "MAIL FROM" identity
/ "helo" ; for the "HELO" identity
/ name ; other identities
dot-atom =
quoted-string =
comment =
CFWS =
FWS =
CRLF =
The header field SHOULD include a "(...)" style after the
result, conveying supporting information for the result, such as
, , and .
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The following key-value pairs are designed for later machine parsing.
SPF clients SHOULD give enough information so that the SPF results
can be verified. That is, at least "client-ip", "helo", and, if the
"MAIL FROM" identity was checked, "envelope-from".
client-ip the IP address of the SMTP client
envelope-from the envelope sender mailbox
helo the host name given in the HELO or EHLO command
mechanism the mechanism that matched (if no mechanisms matched,
substitute the word "default")
problem if an error was returned, details about the error
receiver the host name of the SPF client
identity the identity that was checked; see the ABNF
rule
Other keys may be defined by SPF clients. Until a new key name
becomes widely accepted, new key names should start with "x-".
SPF clients MUST make sure that the Received-SPF header field does
not contain invalid characters, is not excessively long, and does not
contain malicious data that has been provided by the sender.
Examples of various header styles that could be generated are the
following:
Received-SPF: Pass (mybox.example.org: domain of
myname@example.com designates 192.0.2.1 as permitted sender)
receiver=mybox.example.org; client-ip=192.0.2.1;
envelope-from=; helo=foo.example.com;
Received-SPF: Fail (mybox.example.org: domain of
myname@example.com does not designate
192.0.2.1 as permitted sender)
identity=mailfrom; client-ip=192.0.2.1;
envelope-from=;
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8. Macros
8.1. Macro Definitions
Many mechanisms and modifiers perform macro expansion on part of the
term.
domain-spec = macro-string domain-end
domain-end = ( "." toplabel [ "." ] ) / macro-expand
toplabel = ( *alphanum ALPHA *alphanum ) /
( 1*alphanum "-" *( alphanum / "-" ) alphanum )
; LDH rule plus additional TLD restrictions
; (see [RFC3696], Section 2)
alphanum = ALPHA / DIGIT
explain-string = *( macro-string / SP )
macro-string = *( macro-expand / macro-literal )
macro-expand = ( "%{" macro-letter transformers *delimiter "}" )
/ "%%" / "%_" / "%-"
macro-literal = %x21-24 / %x26-7E
; visible characters except "%"
macro-letter = "s" / "l" / "o" / "d" / "i" / "p" / "h" /
"c" / "r" / "t"
transformers = *DIGIT [ "r" ]
delimiter = "." / "-" / "+" / "," / "/" / "_" / "="
A literal "%" is expressed by "%%".
"%_" expands to a single " " space.
"%-" expands to a URL-encoded space, viz., "%20".
The following macro letters are expanded in term arguments:
s =
l = local-part of
o = domain of
d =
i =
p = the validated domain name of
v = the string "in-addr" if is ipv4, or "ip6" if is ipv6
h = HELO/EHLO domain
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The following macro letters are allowed only in "exp" text:
c = SMTP client IP (easily readable format)
r = domain name of host performing the check
t = current timestamp
A '%' character not followed by a '{', '%', '-', or '_' character is
a syntax error. So
-exists:%(ir).sbl.spamhaus.example.org
is incorrect and will cause check_host() to return a "PermError".
Instead, say
-exists:%{ir}.sbl.spamhaus.example.org
Optional transformers are the following:
*DIGIT = zero or more digits
'r' = reverse value, splitting on dots by default
If transformers or delimiters are provided, the replacement value for
a macro letter is split into parts. After performing any reversal
operation and/or removal of left-hand parts, the parts are rejoined
using "." and not the original splitting characters.
By default, strings are split on "." (dots). Note that no special
treatment is given to leading, trailing, or consecutive delimiters,
and so the list of parts may contain empty strings. Older
implementations of SPF prohibit trailing dots in domain names, so
trailing dots should not be published by domain owners, although they
must be accepted by implementations conforming to this document.
Macros may specify delimiter characters that are used instead of ".".
The 'r' transformer indicates a reversal operation: if the client IP
address were 192.0.2.1, the macro %{i} would expand to "192.0.2.1"
and the macro %{ir} would expand to "1.2.0.192".
The DIGIT transformer indicates the number of right-hand parts to
use, after optional reversal. If a DIGIT is specified, the value
MUST be nonzero. If no DIGITs are specified, or if the value
specifies more parts than are available, all the available parts are
used. If the DIGIT was 5, and only 3 parts were available, the macro
interpreter would pretend the DIGIT was 3. Implementations MUST
support at least a value of 128, as that is the maximum number of
labels in a domain name.
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The "s" macro expands to the argument. It is an E-Mail
address with a localpart, an "@" character, and a domain. The "l"
macro expands to just the localpart. The "o" macro expands to just
the domain part. Note that these values remain the same during
recursive and chained evaluations due to "include" and/or "redirect".
Note also that if the original had no localpart, the
localpart was set to "postmaster" in initial processing (see Section
4.3).
For IPv4 addresses, both the "i" and "c" macros expand to the
standard dotted-quad format.
For IPv6 addresses, the "i" macro expands to a dot-format address; it
is intended for use in %{ir}. The "c" macro may expand to any of the
hexadecimal colon-format addresses specified in [RFC3513], Section
2.2. It is intended for humans to read.
The "p" macro expands to the validated domain name of . The
procedure for finding the validated domain name is defined in Section
5.5. If the is present in the list of validated domains, it
SHOULD be used. Otherwise, if a subdomain of the is
present, it SHOULD be used. Otherwise, any name from the list may be
used. If there are no validated domain names or if a DNS error
occurs, the string "unknown" is used.
The "r" macro expands to the name of the receiving MTA. This SHOULD
be a fully qualified domain name, but if one does not exist (as when
the checking is done by a MUA) or if policy restrictions dictate
otherwise, the word "unknown" SHOULD be substituted. The domain name
may be different from the name found in the MX record that the client
MTA used to locate the receiving MTA.
The "t" macro expands to the decimal representation of the
approximate number of seconds since the Epoch (Midnight, January 1,
1970, UTC). This is the same value as is returned by the POSIX
time() function in most standards-compliant libraries.
When the result of macro expansion is used in a domain name query, if
the expanded domain name exceeds 253 characters (the maximum length
of a domain name), the left side is truncated to fit, by removing
successive domain labels until the total length does not exceed 253
characters.
Uppercased macros expand exactly as their lowercased equivalents, and
are then URL escaped. URL escaping must be performed for characters
not in the "uric" set, which is defined in [RFC3986].
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Note: Care must be taken so that macro expansion for legitimate
E-Mail does not exceed the 63-character limit on DNS labels. The
localpart of E-Mail addresses, in particular, can have more than 63
characters between dots.
Note: Domains should avoid using the "s", "l", "o", or "h" macros in
conjunction with any mechanism directive. Although these macros are
powerful and allow per-user records to be published, they severely
limit the ability of implementations to cache results of check_host()
and they reduce the effectiveness of DNS caches.
Implementations should be aware that if no directive processed during
the evaluation of check_host() contains an "s", "l", "o", or "h"
macro, then the results of the evaluation can be cached on the basis
of and alone for as long as the shortest Time To Live
(TTL) of all the DNS records involved.
8.2. Expansion Examples
The is strong-bad@email.example.com.
The IPv4 SMTP client IP is 192.0.2.3.
The IPv6 SMTP client IP is 2001:DB8::CB01.
The PTR domain name of the client IP is mx.example.org.
macro expansion
------- ----------------------------
%{s} strong-bad@email.example.com
%{o} email.example.com
%{d} email.example.com
%{d4} email.example.com
%{d3} email.example.com
%{d2} example.com
%{d1} com
%{dr} com.example.email
%{d2r} example.email
%{l} strong-bad
%{l-} strong.bad
%{lr} strong-bad
%{lr-} bad.strong
%{l1r-} strong
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macro-string expansion
--------------------------------------------------------------------
%{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2} 3.2.0.192.in-addr._spf.example.com
%{lr-}.lp._spf.%{d2} bad.strong.lp._spf.example.com
%{lr-}.lp.%{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2}
bad.strong.lp.3.2.0.192.in-addr._spf.example.com
%{ir}.%{v}.%{l1r-}.lp._spf.%{d2}
3.2.0.192.in-addr.strong.lp._spf.example.com
%{d2}.trusted-domains.example.net
example.com.trusted-domains.example.net
IPv6:
%{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2} 1.0.B.C.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6._spf.example.com
9. Implications
This section outlines the major implications that adoption of this
document will have on various entities involved in Internet E-Mail.
It is intended to make clear to the reader where this document
knowingly affects the operation of such entities. This section is
not a "how-to" manual, or a "best practices" document, and it is not
a comprehensive list of what such entities should do in light of this
document.
This section is non-normative.
9.1. Sending Domains
Domains that wish to be compliant with this specification will need
to determine the list of hosts that they allow to use their domain
name in the "HELO" and "MAIL FROM" identities. It is recognized that
forming such a list is not just a simple technical exercise, but
involves policy decisions with both technical and administrative
considerations.
It can be helpful to publish records that include a "tracking
exists:" mechanism. By looking at the name server logs, a rough list
may then be generated. For example:
v=spf1 exists:_h.%{h}._l.%{l}._o.%{o}._i.%{i}._spf.%{d} ?all
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9.2. Mailing Lists
Mailing lists must be aware of how they re-inject mail that is sent
to the list. Mailing lists MUST comply with the requirements in
[RFC2821], Section 3.10, and [RFC1123], Section 5.3.6, that say that
the reverse-path MUST be changed to be the mailbox of a person or
other entity who administers the list. Whereas the reasons for
changing the reverse-path are many and long-standing, SPF adds
enforcement to this requirement.
In practice, almost all mailing list software in use already complies
with this requirement. Mailing lists that do not comply may or may
not encounter problems depending on how access to the list is
restricted. Such lists that are entirely internal to a domain (only
people in the domain can send to or receive from the list) are not
affected.
9.3. Forwarding Services and Aliases
Forwarding services take mail that is received at a mailbox and
direct it to some external mailbox. At the time of this writing, the
near-universal practice of such services is to use the original "MAIL
FROM" of a message when re-injecting it for delivery to the external
mailbox. [RFC1123] and [RFC2821] describe this action as an "alias"
rather than a "mail list". This means that the external mailbox's
MTA sees all such mail in a connection from a host of the forwarding
service, and so the "MAIL FROM" identity will not, in general, pass
authorization.
There are three places that techniques can be used to ameliorate this
problem.
1. The beginning, when E-Mail is first sent.
1. "Neutral" results could be given for IP addresses that may be
forwarders, instead of "Fail" results. For example:
"v=spf1 mx -exists:%{ir}.sbl.spamhaus.example.org ?all"
This would cause a lookup on an anti-spam DNS blacklist
(DNSBL) and cause a result of "Fail" only for E-Mail coming
from listed sources. All other E-Mail, including E-Mail sent
through forwarders, would receive a "Neutral" result. By
checking the DNSBL after the known good sources, problems with
incorrect listing on the DNSBL are greatly reduced.
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2. The "MAIL FROM" identity could have additional information in
the localpart that cryptographically identifies the mail as
coming from an authorized source. In this case, such an SPF
record could be used:
"v=spf1 mx exists:%{l}._spf_verify.%{d} -all"
Then, a specialized DNS server can be set up to serve the
_spf_verify subdomain that validates the localpart. Although
this requires an extra DNS lookup, this happens only when the
E-Mail would otherwise be rejected as not coming from a known
good source.
Note that due to the 63-character limit for domain labels,
this approach only works reliably if the localpart signature
scheme is guaranteed either to only produce localparts with a
maximum of 63 characters or to gracefully handle truncated
localparts.
3. Similarly, a specialized DNS server could be set up that will
rate-limit the E-Mail coming from unexpected IP addresses.
"v=spf1 mx exists:%{ir}._spf_rate.%{d} -all"
4. SPF allows the creation of per-user policies for special
cases. For example, the following SPF record and appropriate
wildcard DNS records can be used:
"v=spf1 mx redirect=%{l1r+}._at_.%{o}._spf.%{d}"
2. The middle, when E-Mail is forwarded.
1. Forwarding services can solve the problem by rewriting the
"MAIL FROM" to be in their own domain. This means that mail
bounced from the external mailbox will have to be re-bounced
by the forwarding service. Various schemes to do this exist
though they vary widely in complexity and resource
requirements on the part of the forwarding service.
2. Several popular MTAs can be forced from "alias" semantics to
"mailing list" semantics by configuring an additional alias
with "owner-" prepended to the original alias name (e.g., an
alias of "friends: george@example.com, fred@example.org" would
need another alias of the form "owner-friends: localowner").
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3. The end, when E-Mail is received.
1. If the owner of the external mailbox wishes to trust the
forwarding service, he can direct the external mailbox's MTA
to skip SPF tests when the client host belongs to the
forwarding service.
2. Tests against other identities, such as the "HELO" identity,
may be used to override a failed test against the "MAIL FROM"
identity.
3. For larger domains, it may not be possible to have a complete
or accurate list of forwarding services used by the owners of
the domain's mailboxes. In such cases, whitelists of
generally-recognized forwarding services could be employed.
9.4. Mail Services
Service providers that offer mail services to third-party domains,
such as sending of bulk mail, may want to adjust their setup in light
of the authorization check described in this document. If the "MAIL
FROM" identity used for such E-Mail uses the domain of the service
provider, then the provider needs only to ensure that its sending
host is authorized by its own SPF record, if any.
If the "MAIL FROM" identity does not use the mail service provider's
domain, then extra care must be taken. The SPF record format has
several options for the third-party domain to authorize the service
provider's MTAs to send mail on its behalf. For mail service
providers, such as ISPs, that have a wide variety of customers using
the same MTA, steps should be taken to prevent cross-customer forgery
(see Section 10.4).
9.5. MTA Relays
The authorization check generally precludes the use of arbitrary MTA
relays between sender and receiver of an E-Mail message.
Within an organization, MTA relays can be effectively deployed.
However, for purposes of this document, such relays are effectively
transparent. The SPF authorization check is a check between border
MTAs of different domains.
For mail senders, this means that published SPF records must
authorize any MTAs that actually send across the Internet. Usually,
these are just the border MTAs as internal MTAs simply forward mail
to these MTAs for delivery.
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Mail receivers will generally want to perform the authorization check
at the border MTAs, specifically including all secondary MXs. This
allows mail that fails to be rejected during the SMTP session rather
than bounced. Internal MTAs then do not perform the authorization
test. To perform the authorization test other than at the border,
the host that first transferred the message to the organization must
be determined, which can be difficult to extract from the message
header. Testing other than at the border is not recommended.
10. Security Considerations
10.1. Processing Limits
As with most aspects of E-Mail, there are a number of ways that
malicious parties could use the protocol as an avenue for a
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. The processing limits outlined here
are designed to prevent attacks such as the following:
o A malicious party could create an SPF record with many references
to a victim's domain and send many E-Mails to different SPF
clients; those SPF clients would then create a DoS attack. In
effect, the SPF clients are being used to amplify the attacker's
bandwidth by using fewer bytes in the SMTP session than are used
by the DNS queries. Using SPF clients also allows the attacker to
hide the true source of the attack.
o Whereas implementations of check_host() are supposed to limit the
number of DNS lookups, malicious domains could publish records
that exceed these limits in an attempt to waste computation effort
at their targets when they send them mail. Malicious domains
could also design SPF records that cause particular
implementations to use excessive memory or CPU usage, or to
trigger bugs.
o Malicious parties could send a large volume of mail purporting to
come from the intended target to a wide variety of legitimate mail
hosts. These legitimate machines would then present a DNS load on
the target as they fetched the relevant records.
Of these, the case of a third party referenced in the SPF record is
the easiest for a DoS attack to effectively exploit. As a result,
limits that may seem reasonable for an individual mail server can
still allow an unreasonable amount of bandwidth amplification.
Therefore, the processing limits need to be quite low.
SPF implementations MUST limit the number of mechanisms and modifiers
that do DNS lookups to at most 10 per SPF check, including any
lookups caused by the use of the "include" mechanism or the
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"redirect" modifier. If this number is exceeded during a check, a
PermError MUST be returned. The "include", "a", "mx", "ptr", and
"exists" mechanisms as well as the "redirect" modifier do count
against this limit. The "all", "ip4", and "ip6" mechanisms do not
require DNS lookups and therefore do not count against this limit.
The "exp" modifier does not count against this limit because the DNS
lookup to fetch the explanation string occurs after the SPF record
has been evaluated.
When evaluating the "mx" and "ptr" mechanisms, or the %{p} macro,
there MUST be a limit of no more than 10 MX or PTR RRs looked up and
checked.
SPF implementations SHOULD limit the total amount of data obtained
from the DNS queries. For example, when DNS over TCP or EDNS0 are
available, there may need to be an explicit limit to how much data
will be accepted to prevent excessive bandwidth usage or memory usage
and DoS attacks.
MTAs or other processors MAY also impose a limit on the maximum
amount of elapsed time to evaluate check_host(). Such a limit SHOULD
allow at least 20 seconds. If such a limit is exceeded, the result
of authorization SHOULD be "TempError".
Domains publishing records SHOULD try to keep the number of "include"
mechanisms and chained "redirect" modifiers to a minimum. Domains
SHOULD also try to minimize the amount of other DNS information
needed to evaluate a record. This can be done by choosing directives
that require less DNS information and placing lower-cost mechanisms
earlier in the SPF record.
For example, consider a domain set up as follows:
example.com. IN MX 10 mx.example.com.
mx.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1
a.example.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 mx:example.com -all"
b.example.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 a:mx.example.com -all"
c.example.com. IN TXT "v=spf1 ip4:192.0.2.1 -all"
Evaluating check_host() for the domain "a.example.com" requires the
MX records for "example.com", and then the A records for the listed
hosts. Evaluating for "b.example.com" requires only the A records.
Evaluating for "c.example.com" requires none.
However, there may be administrative considerations: using "a" over
"ip4" allows hosts to be renumbered easily. Using "mx" over "a"
allows the set of mail hosts to be changed easily.
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10.2. SPF-Authorized E-Mail May Contain Other False Identities
The "MAIL FROM" and "HELO" identity authorizations must not be
construed to provide more assurance than they do. It is entirely
possible for a malicious sender to inject a message using his own
domain in the identities used by SPF, to have that domain's SPF
record authorize the sending host, and yet the message can easily
list other identities in its header. Unless the user or the MUA
takes care to note that the authorized identity does not match the
other more commonly-presented identities (such as the From: header
field), the user may be lulled into a false sense of security.
10.3. Spoofed DNS and IP Data
There are two aspects of this protocol that malicious parties could
exploit to undermine the validity of the check_host() function:
o The evaluation of check_host() relies heavily on DNS. A malicious
attacker could attack the DNS infrastructure and cause
check_host() to see spoofed DNS data, and then return incorrect
results. This could include returning "Pass" for an value
where the actual domain's record would evaluate to "Fail". See
[RFC3833] for a description of DNS weaknesses.
o The client IP address, , is assumed to be correct. A
malicious attacker could spoof TCP sequence numbers to make mail
appear to come from a permitted host for a domain that the
attacker is impersonating.
10.4. Cross-User Forgery
By definition, SPF policies just map domain names to sets of
authorized MTAs, not whole E-Mail addresses to sets of authorized
users. Although the "l" macro (Section 8) provides a limited way to
define individual sets of authorized MTAs for specific E-Mail
addresses, it is generally impossible to verify, through SPF, the use
of specific E-Mail addresses by individual users of the same MTA.
It is up to mail services and their MTAs to directly prevent
cross-user forgery: based on SMTP AUTH ([RFC2554]), users should be
restricted to using only those E-Mail addresses that are actually
under their control (see [RFC4409], Section 6.1). Another means to
verify the identity of individual users is message cryptography such
as PGP ([RFC2440]) or S/MIME ([RFC3851]).
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10.5. Untrusted Information Sources
SPF uses information supplied by third parties, such as the "HELO"
domain name, the "MAIL FROM" address, and SPF records. This
information is then passed to the receiver in the Received-SPF: trace
fields and possibly returned to the client MTA in the form of an SMTP
rejection message. This information must be checked for invalid
characters and excessively long lines.
When the authorization check fails, an explanation string may be
included in the reject response. Both the sender and the rejecting
receiver need to be aware that the explanation was determined by the
publisher of the SPF record checked and, in general, not the
receiver. The explanation may contain malicious URLs, or it may be
offensive or misleading.
This is probably less of a concern than it may initially seem since
such messages are returned to the sender, and the explanation strings
come from the sender policy published by the domain in the identity
claimed by that very sender. As long as the DSN is not redirected to
someone other than the actual sender, the only people who see
malicious explanation strings are people whose messages claim to be
from domains that publish such strings in their SPF records. In
practice, DSNs can be misdirected, such as when an MTA accepts an
E-Mail and then later generates a DSN to a forged address, or when an
E-Mail forwarder does not direct the DSN back to the original sender.
10.6. Privacy Exposure
Checking SPF records causes DNS queries to be sent to the domain
owner. These DNS queries, especially if they are caused by the
"exists" mechanism, can contain information about who is sending
E-Mail and likely to which MTA the E-Mail is being sent. This can
introduce some privacy concerns, which may be more or less of an
issue depending on local laws and the relationship between the domain
owner and the person sending the E-Mail.
11. Contributors and Acknowledgements
This document is largely based on the work of Meng Weng Wong and Mark
Lentczner. Although, as this section acknowledges, many people have
contributed to this document, a very large portion of the writing and
editing are due to Meng and Mark.
This design owes a debt of parentage to [RMX] by Hadmut Danisch and
to [DMP] by Gordon Fecyk. The idea of using a DNS record to check
the legitimacy of an E-Mail address traces its ancestry further back
through messages on the namedroppers mailing list by Paul Vixie
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[Vixie] (based on suggestion by Jim Miller) and by David Green
[Green].
Philip Gladstone contributed the concept of macros to the
specification, multiplying the expressiveness of the language and
making per-user and per-IP lookups possible.
The authors would also like to thank the literally hundreds of
individuals who have participated in the development of this design.
They are far too numerous to name, but they include the following:
The folks on the spf-discuss mailing list.
The folks on the SPAM-L mailing list.
The folks on the IRTF ASRG mailing list.
The folks on the IETF MARID mailing list.
The folks on #perl.
12. IANA Considerations
12.1. The SPF DNS Record Type
The IANA has assigned a new Resource Record Type and Qtype from the
DNS Parameters Registry for the SPF RR type with code 99.
12.2. The Received-SPF Mail Header Field
Per [RFC3864], the "Received-SPF:" header field is added to the IANA
Permanent Message Header Field Registry. The following is the
registration template:
Header field name: Received-SPF
Applicable protocol: mail ([RFC2822])
Status: Experimental
Author/Change controller: IETF
Specification document(s): RFC 4408
Related information:
Requesting SPF Council review of any proposed changes and
additions to this field are recommended. For information about
the SPF Council see http://www.openspf.org/Council
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
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[RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application
and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2821] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 2821,
April 2001.
[RFC2822] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April
2001.
[RFC3464] Moore, K. and G. Vaudreuil, "An Extensible Message Format
for Delivery Status Notifications", RFC 3464, January
2003.
[RFC3513] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) Addressing Architecture", RFC 3513, April 2003.
[RFC3864] Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, "Registration
Procedures for Message Header Fields", BCP 90, RFC 3864,
September 2004.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, January 2005.
[RFC4234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[US-ASCII] American National Standards Institute (formerly United
States of America Standards Institute), "USA Code for
Information Interchange, X3.4", 1968.
ANSI X3.4-1968 has been replaced by newer versions with slight
modifications, but the 1968 version remains definitive for
the Internet.
13.2 Informative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC1983] Malkin, G., "Internet Users' Glossary", RFC 1983, August
1996.
[RFC2440] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., and R. Thayer,
"OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 2440, November 1998.
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[RFC2554] Myers, J., "SMTP Service Extension for Authentication",
RFC 2554, March 1999.
[RFC3696] Klensin, J., "Application Techniques for Checking and
Transformation of Names", RFC 3696, February 2004.
[RFC3833] Atkins, D. and R. Austein, "Threat Analysis of the Domain
Name System (DNS)", RFC 3833, August 2004.
[RFC3851] Ramsdell, B., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification",
RFC 3851, July 2004.
[RFC4409] Gellens, R. and J. Klensin, "Message Submission for Mail",
RFC 4409, April 2006.
[RMX] Danish, H., "The RMX DNS RR Type for light weight sender
authentication", Work In Progress
[DMP] Fecyk, G., "Designated Mailers Protocol", Work In Progress
[Vixie] Vixie, P., "Repudiating MAIL FROM", 2002.
[Green] Green, D., "Domain-Authorized SMTP Mail", 2002.
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Appendix A. Collected ABNF
This section is normative and any discrepancies with the ABNF
fragments in the preceding text are to be resolved in favor of this
grammar.
See [RFC4234] for ABNF notation. Please note that as per this ABNF
definition, literal text strings (those in quotes) are case-
insensitive. Hence, "mx" matches "mx", "MX", "mX", and "Mx".
record = version terms *SP
version = "v=spf1"
terms = *( 1*SP ( directive / modifier ) )
directive = [ qualifier ] mechanism
qualifier = "+" / "-" / "?" / "~"
mechanism = ( all / include
/ A / MX / PTR / IP4 / IP6 / exists )
all = "all"
include = "include" ":" domain-spec
A = "a" [ ":" domain-spec ] [ dual-cidr-length ]
MX = "mx" [ ":" domain-spec ] [ dual-cidr-length ]
PTR = "ptr" [ ":" domain-spec ]
IP4 = "ip4" ":" ip4-network [ ip4-cidr-length ]
IP6 = "ip6" ":" ip6-network [ ip6-cidr-length ]
exists = "exists" ":" domain-spec
modifier = redirect / explanation / unknown-modifier
redirect = "redirect" "=" domain-spec
explanation = "exp" "=" domain-spec
unknown-modifier = name "=" macro-string
ip4-cidr-length = "/" 1*DIGIT
ip6-cidr-length = "/" 1*DIGIT
dual-cidr-length = [ ip4-cidr-length ] [ "/" ip6-cidr-length ]
ip4-network = qnum "." qnum "." qnum "." qnum
qnum = DIGIT ; 0-9
/ %x31-39 DIGIT ; 10-99
/ "1" 2DIGIT ; 100-199
/ "2" %x30-34 DIGIT ; 200-249
/ "25" %x30-35 ; 250-255
; conventional dotted quad notation. e.g., 192.0.2.0
ip6-network =
; e.g., 2001:DB8::CD30
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domain-spec = macro-string domain-end
domain-end = ( "." toplabel [ "." ] ) / macro-expand
toplabel = ( *alphanum ALPHA *alphanum ) /
( 1*alphanum "-" *( alphanum / "-" ) alphanum )
; LDH rule plus additional TLD restrictions
; (see [RFC3696], Section 2)
alphanum = ALPHA / DIGIT
explain-string = *( macro-string / SP )
macro-string = *( macro-expand / macro-literal )
macro-expand = ( "%{" macro-letter transformers *delimiter "}" )
/ "%%" / "%_" / "%-"
macro-literal = %x21-24 / %x26-7E
; visible characters except "%"
macro-letter = "s" / "l" / "o" / "d" / "i" / "p" / "h" /
"c" / "r" / "t"
transformers = *DIGIT [ "r" ]
delimiter = "." / "-" / "+" / "," / "/" / "_" / "="
name = ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_" / "." )
header-field = "Received-SPF:" [CFWS] result FWS [comment FWS]
[ key-value-list ] CRLF
result = "Pass" / "Fail" / "SoftFail" / "Neutral" /
"None" / "TempError" / "PermError"
key-value-list = key-value-pair *( ";" [CFWS] key-value-pair )
[";"]
key-value-pair = key [CFWS] "=" ( dot-atom / quoted-string )
key = "client-ip" / "envelope-from" / "helo" /
"problem" / "receiver" / "identity" /
mechanism / "x-" name / name
identity = "mailfrom" ; for the "MAIL FROM" identity
/ "helo" ; for the "HELO" identity
/ name ; other identities
dot-atom =
quoted-string =
comment =
CFWS =
FWS =
CRLF =
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Appendix B. Extended Examples
These examples are based on the following DNS setup:
; A domain with two mail servers, two hosts
; and two servers at the domain name
$ORIGIN example.com.
@ MX 10 mail-a
MX 20 mail-b
A 192.0.2.10
A 192.0.2.11
amy A 192.0.2.65
bob A 192.0.2.66
mail-a A 192.0.2.129
mail-b A 192.0.2.130
www CNAME example.com.
; A related domain
$ORIGIN example.org.
@ MX 10 mail-c
mail-c A 192.0.2.140
; The reverse IP for those addresses
$ORIGIN 2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.
10 PTR example.com.
11 PTR example.com.
65 PTR amy.example.com.
66 PTR bob.example.com.
129 PTR mail-a.example.com.
130 PTR mail-b.example.com.
140 PTR mail-c.example.org.
; A rogue reverse IP domain that claims to be
; something it's not
$ORIGIN 0.0.10.in-addr.arpa.
4 PTR bob.example.com.
B.1. Simple Examples
These examples show various possible published records for
example.com and which values if would cause check_host() to
return "Pass". Note that is "example.com".
v=spf1 +all
-- any passes
v=spf1 a -all
-- hosts 192.0.2.10 and 192.0.2.11 pass
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v=spf1 a:example.org -all
-- no sending hosts pass since example.org has no A records
v=spf1 mx -all
-- sending hosts 192.0.2.129 and 192.0.2.130 pass
v=spf1 mx:example.org -all
-- sending host 192.0.2.140 passes
v=spf1 mx mx:example.org -all
-- sending hosts 192.0.2.129, 192.0.2.130, and 192.0.2.140 pass
v=spf1 mx/30 mx:example.org/30 -all
-- any sending host in 192.0.2.128/30 or 192.0.2.140/30 passes
v=spf1 ptr -all
-- sending host 192.0.2.65 passes (reverse DNS is valid and is in
example.com)
-- sending host 192.0.2.140 fails (reverse DNS is valid, but not
in example.com)
-- sending host 10.0.0.4 fails (reverse IP is not valid)
v=spf1 ip4:192.0.2.128/28 -all
-- sending host 192.0.2.65 fails
-- sending host 192.0.2.129 passes
B.2. Multiple Domain Example
These examples show the effect of related records:
example.org: "v=spf1 include:example.com include:example.net -all"
This record would be used if mail from example.org actually came
through servers at example.com and example.net. Example.org's
designated servers are the union of example.com's and example.net's
designated servers.
la.example.org: "v=spf1 redirect=example.org"
ny.example.org: "v=spf1 redirect=example.org"
sf.example.org: "v=spf1 redirect=example.org"
These records allow a set of domains that all use the same mail
system to make use of that mail system's record. In this way, only
the mail system's record needs to be updated when the mail setup
changes. These domains' records never have to change.
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B.3. DNSBL Style Example
Imagine that, in addition to the domain records listed above, there
are these:
$ORIGIN _spf.example.com. mary.mobile-users A
127.0.0.2 fred.mobile-users A 127.0.0.2
15.15.168.192.joel.remote-users A 127.0.0.2
16.15.168.192.joel.remote-users A 127.0.0.2
The following records describe users at example.com who mail from
arbitrary servers, or who mail from personal servers.
example.com:
v=spf1 mx
include:mobile-users._spf.%{d}
include:remote-users._spf.%{d}
-all
mobile-users._spf.example.com:
v=spf1 exists:%{l1r+}.%{d}
remote-users._spf.example.com:
v=spf1 exists:%{ir}.%{l1r+}.%{d}
B.4. Multiple Requirements Example
Say that your sender policy requires both that the IP address is
within a certain range and that the reverse DNS for the IP matches.
This can be done several ways, including the following:
example.com. SPF ( "v=spf1 "
"-include:ip4._spf.%{d} "
"-include:ptr._spf.%{d} "
"+all" )
ip4._spf.example.com. SPF "v=spf1 -ip4:192.0.2.0/24 +all"
ptr._spf.example.com. SPF "v=spf1 -ptr +all"
This example shows how the "-include" mechanism can be useful, how an
SPF record that ends in "+all" can be very restrictive, and the use
of De Morgan's Law.
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Authors' Addresses
Meng Weng Wong
Singapore
EMail: mengwong+spf@pobox.com
Wayne Schlitt
4615 Meredeth #9
Lincoln Nebraska, NE 68506
United States of America
EMail: wayne@schlitt.net
URI: http://www.schlitt.net/spf/
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RFC 4408 Sender Policy Framework (SPF) April 2006
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
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contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
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RFC, FYI, BCP