Network Working Group J.-L. Le Roux, Ed.
Request for Comments: 4927 France Telecom
Category: Informational June 2007
Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCECP) Specific
Requirements for Inter-Area MPLS and GMPLS Traffic Engineering
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
For scalability purposes, a network may comprise multiple Interior
Gateway Protocol (IGP) areas. An inter-area Traffic Engineered Label
Switched Path (TE-LSP) is an LSP that transits through at least two
IGP areas. In a multi-area network, topology visibility remains
local to a given area, and a head-end Label Switching Router (LSR)
cannot compute an inter-area shortest constrained path. One key
application of the Path Computation Element (PCE)-based architecture
is the computation of inter-area TE-LSP paths. The PCE Communication
Protocol (PCECP) is used to communicate computation requests from
Path Computation Clients (PCCs) to PCEs, and to return computed paths
in responses. This document lists a detailed set of PCECP-specific
requirements for support of inter-area TE-LSP path computation. It
complements the generic requirements for a PCE Communication
Protocol.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Terminology .....................................................3
2.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................4
3. Motivations for PCE-Based Inter-Area Path Computation ...........4
4. Detailed Inter-Area Specific Requirements on PCECP ..............5
4.1. Control and Recording of Area Crossing .....................5
4.2. Area Recording .............................................6
4.3. Strict Explicit Path and Loose Path ........................6
4.4. PCE List Enforcement and Recording in Multiple-PCE
Computation ................................................6
4.5. Inclusion of Area IDs in Request ...........................7
4.6. Area Inclusion/Exclusion ...................................7
4.7. Inter-Area Diverse Path Computation ........................7
4.8. Inter-Area Policies ........................................8
4.9. Loop Avoidance .............................................8
5. Manageability Considerations ....................................9
6. Security Considerations .........................................9
7. Acknowledgments .................................................9
8. References ......................................................9
8.1. Normative References .......................................9
8.2. Informative References ....................................10
9. Contributors ...................................................10
1. Introduction
[RFC4105] lists a set of motivations and requirements for setting up
TE-LSPs across IGP area boundaries. These LSPs are called inter-area
TE-LSPs. These requirements include the computation of inter-area
shortest constrained paths with a key guideline being to respect the
IGP hierarchy concept, and particularly the containment of topology
information. The main challenge with inter-area MPLS-TE lies in path
computation. Indeed, the head-end LSR cannot compute an explicit
path across areas, as its topology visibility is limited to its own
area.
Inter-area path computation is one of the key applications of the
PCE-based architecture [RFC4655]. The computation of optimal inter-
area paths may be achieved using the services of one or more PCEs.
Such PCE-based inter-area path computation could rely for instance on
a single multi-area PCE that has the TE database of all the areas in
the IGP domain and can directly compute an end-to-end constrained
shortest path. Alternatively, this could rely on the cooperation
between PCEs whereby each PCE covers one or more IGP areas and the
full set of PCEs covers all areas.
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The generic requirements for a PCE Communication Protocol (PCECP),
which allows a PCC to send path computation requests to a PCE and the
PCE to send path computation responses to a PCC, are set forth in
[RFC4657]. The use of a PCE-based approach for inter-area path
computation implies specific requirements on a PCE Communication
Protocol, in addition to the generic requirements already listed in
[RFC4657]. This document complements these generic requirements by
listing a detailed set of PCECP requirements specific to inter-area
path computation.
It is expected that PCECP procedures be defined to satisfy these
requirements.
Note that PCE-based inter-area path computation may require a
mechanism for automatic PCE discovery across areas, which is out of
the scope of this document. Detailed requirements for such a
mechanism are discussed in [RFC4674].
2. Terminology
LSR: Label Switching Router.
LSP: MPLS Label Switched Path.
TE-LSP: Traffic Engineered Label Switched Path.
IGP area: OSPF area or IS-IS level.
ABR: IGP Area Border Router, a router that is attached to more than
one IGP area (ABR in OSPF or L1/L2 router in IS-IS).
Inter-Area TE-LSP: TE-LSP that traverses more than one IGP area.
CSPF: Constrained Shortest Path First.
SRLG: Shared Risk Link Group.
PCE: Path Computation Element: an entity (component, application or
network node) that is capable of computing a network path or route
based on a network graph and applying computational constraints.
PCC: Path Computation Client, any application that request path
computation to be performed by a PCE.
PCECP: PCE Communication Protocol, a protocol for communication
between PCCs and PCEs, and between PCEs.
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ERO: Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)-TE Explicit Route Object.
It encodes the explicit path followed by a TE-LSP.
2.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Motivations for PCE-Based Inter-Area Path Computation
IGP hierarchy enables improved IGP scalability by dividing the IGP
domain into areas and limiting the flooding scope of topology
information to within area boundaries. A router in an area has full
topology information for its own area, but only information about
reachability to destinations in other areas. Thus, a head-end LSR
cannot compute an end-to-end path that crosses the boundary of its
IGP area(s).
A current solution for computing inter-area TE-LSP path relies on a
per-domain path computation [PD-COMP]. It is based on loose hop
routing with an ERO expansion on each ABR. This allows an LSP to be
set up following a constrained path, but faces two major limitations:
- This does guarantee the use of an optimal constrained path.
- This may lead to several crankback signaling messages and hence
delay the LSP setup, and may also invoke possible alternate routing
activities.
Note that, here, by optimal constrained path we mean the shortest
constrained path across multiple areas, taking into account either
the IGP or TE metric [RFC3785]. In other words, such a path is the
path that would have been computed by making use of some CSPF
algorithm in the absence of multiple IGP areas.
The PCE-based architecture [RFC4655] is well suited to inter-area
path computation. It allows the path computation limitations
resulting from the limited topology visibility to be overcome by
introducing path computation entities with more topology visibility,
or by allowing cooperation between path computation entities in each
area.
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There are two main approaches for the computation of an inter-area
optimal path:
- Single-PCE computation: The path is computed by a single PCE that
has topology visibility in all areas and can compute an end-to-end
optimal constrained path on its own.
- Multiple-PCE computation with inter-PCE communication: The path
computation is distributed on multiple PCEs, which have partial
topology visibility. They compute path segments in their domains
of visibility and collaborate with each other so as to arrive at an
end-to-end optimal constrained path. Such collaboration is ensured
thanks to inter-PCE communication.
Note that the use of a PCE-based approach to perform inter-area path
computation implies specific functional requirements in a PCECP, in
addition to the generic requirements listed in [RFC4657]. These
specific requirements are discussed in the next section.
4. Detailed Inter-Area Specific Requirements on PCECP
This section lists a set of additional requirements for the PCECP
that complement requirements listed in [RFC4657] and are specific to
inter-area (G)MPLS-TE path computation.
4.1. Control and Recording of Area Crossing
In addition to the path constraints specified in [RFC4657], the
request message MUST allow indicating whether or not area crossing is
permitted. Indeed, when the source and destination reside in the
same IGP area, there may be intra-area and inter-area feasible paths.
As set forth in [RFC4105], if the shortest path is an inter-area
path, an operator either may want to avoid, as far as possible,
crossing areas and thus may prefer selecting a sub-optimal intra-area
path or, conversely, may prefer to use a shortest path, even if it
crosses areas.
Also, when the source and destination reside in the same area it may
be useful to know whether the returned path is an inter-area path.
Hence, the response message MUST allow indicating whether the
computed path is crossing areas.
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4.2. Area Recording
It may be useful for the PCC to know the set of areas crossed by an
inter-area path and the corresponding path segments. Hence, the
response message MUST allow identifying the crossed areas. Also, the
response message MUST allow segmenting the returned path and marking
each segment so that it is possible to tell which piece of the path
lies within which area.
4.3. Strict Explicit Path and Loose Path
A Strict Explicit Path is defined as a set of strict hops, while a
Loose Path is defined as a set of at least one loose hop and zero,
one or more strict hops. An inter-area path may be strictly explicit
or loose (e.g., a list of ABRs as loose hops). It may be useful to
indicate to the PCE if a Strict Explicit path is required or not.
Hence, the PCECP request message MUST allow indicating whether a
Strict Explicit Path is required/desired.
4.4. PCE List Enforcement and Recording in Multiple-PCE Computation
In case of multiple-PCE inter-area path computation, a PCC may want
to indicate a preferred list of PCEs to be used, one per area. In
each area, the preferred PCE should be tried before another PCE is
selected. Note that if there is no preferred PCE indicated for an
area, any PCE in that area may be used.
Hence, the PCECP request message MUST support the inclusion of a list
of preferred PCEs per area. Note that this requires that a PCC in
one area has knowledge of PCEs in other areas. This could rely on
configuration or on a PCE discovery mechanism, allowing discovery
across area boundaries (see [RFC4674]).
Also, it would be useful to know the list of PCEs that effectively
participated in the computation. Hence, the request message MUST
support a request for PCE recording, and the response message MUST
support the recording of the set of one or more PCEs that took part
in the computation.
It may also be useful to know the path segments computed by each PCE.
Hence, the request message SHOULD allow a request for the
identification of path segments computed by a PCE, and the response
message SHOULD allow identifying the path segments computed by each
PCE.
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4.5. Inclusion of Area IDs in Request
Knowledge of the areas in which the source and destination lie would
allow a PCE to select an appropriate downstream PCE. This would be
useful when the area ID(s) of a PCE (i.e., the area(s) where it has
visibility) is/are known, which can be achieved by the PCE Discovery
Protocol (see [RFC4674]) or by any other means.
A PCE may not have any visibility of the source/destination area and
hence may not be able to determine the area of the
source/destination. In such a situation, it would be useful for a
PCC to indicate the source and destination area IDs in its request
message.
For that purpose, the request message MUST support the inclusion of
the source and destination area IDs. Note that this information
could be learned by the PCC through configuration.
4.6. Area Inclusion/Exclusion
In some situations, it may be useful for the request message to
indicate one or more area(s) that must be followed by the path to be
computed. It may also be useful for the request message to indicate
one or more area(s) that must be avoided by the path to be computed
(e.g., request for a path between LSRs in two stub areas connected to
the same ABR(s), which must not cross the backbone area). Hence, the
request message MUST allow indicating a set of one or more area(s)
that must be explicitly included in the path, and a set of one or
more area(s) that must be explicitly excluded from the path.
4.7. Inter-Area Diverse Path Computation
For various reasons, including protection and load balancing, the
computation of diverse inter-area paths may be required. There are
various levels of diversity in an inter-area context:
- Per-area diversity (intra-area path segments are link, node, or
SRLG disjoint)
- Inter-area diversity (end-to-end inter-area paths are link,
node, or SRLG disjoint)
Note that two paths may be disjoint in the backbone area but non-
disjoint in peripheral areas. Also two paths may be node-disjoint
within areas but may share ABRs, in which case path segments within
an area are node-disjoint, but end-to-end paths are not node
disjoint.
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The request message MUST allow requesting the computation of a set of
inter-area diverse paths between the same node pair or between
distinct node pairs. It MUST allow indicating the required level of
diversity of a set of inter-area paths (link, node, and SRLG
diversity), as well as the required level of diversity of a set of
intra-area segments of inter-area paths (link, node, and SRLG
diversity) on a per-area basis.
The response message MUST allow indicating the level of diversity of
a set of computed inter-area loose paths (link, node, and SRLG
diversity), globally, and on a per-area basis (link, node, and SRLG
diversity of intra-area path segments).
Note that, in order to ensure SRLG consistency, SRLG identifiers
within the IGP domain should be assigned and allocated by the same
entity.
Note that specific objective functions may be requested for diverse
path computation, such as minimizing the cumulated cost of a set of
diverse paths as set forth in [RFC4657].
4.8. Inter-Area Policies
In addition to the policy requirements discussed in [RFC4657], the
application of inter-area path computation policies requires some
additional information to be carried in the PCECP request messages.
The request message MUST allow for the inclusion of the address of
the originating PCC. This may be useful in a multiple-PCE
computation, so as to apply policies not only based on the PCECP peer
but also based on the originating PCC.
Note that work on supported policy models and the corresponding
requirements/implications is being undertaken as a separate work item
in the PCE working group [PCE-POL-FMWK].
4.9. Loop Avoidance
In case of multiple-PCE inter-area path computation, there may be
risks of PCECP request loops. A mechanism MUST be defined to detect
and correct PCECP request message loops. This may rely, for
instance, on the recording, in the request message, of the set of
traversed PCEs.
Also, the returned path in a response message MUST be loop free.
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5. Manageability Considerations
The inter-area application implies some new manageability
requirements in addition to those already listed in [RFC4657]. The
PCECP PCC and PCE MIB modules MUST allow recording the proportion of
inter-area requests and the success rate of inter-area requests. The
PCECP PCC MIB module MUST also allow recording the performances of a
PCE chain (minimum, maximum, and average response times), in case of
multiple-PCE inter-area path computation.
It is really important, for diagnostic and troubleshooting reasons,
to monitor the availability and performances of each PCE of a PCE
chain used for inter-area path computation. Particularly, it is
really important to identify the PCE(s) responsible for a delayed
reply.
Hence, a mechanism MUST be defined to monitor the performances of a
PCE chain. It MUST allow determining the availability of each PCE of
the chain as well as its minimum, maximum, and average response
times.
6. Security Considerations
IGP areas are administrated by the same entity. Hence, the inter-
area application does not imply a new trust model or new security
issues beyond those already defined in [RFC4657].
7. Acknowledgments
We would also like to thank Adrian Farrel, Jean-Philippe Vasseur,
Bruno Decraene, Yannick Le Louedec, Dimitri Papadimitriou, and Lou
Berger for their useful comments and suggestions. Thanks also to
Ross Callon, Catherine Meadow, and Dan Romascanu for their review
during the final stages of publication.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4105] Le Roux, J.-L., Ed., Vasseur, J.-P., Ed., and J.
Boyle, Ed., "Requirements for Inter-Area MPLS Traffic
Engineering", RFC 4105, June 2005.
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[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., and J. Ash, "A Path
Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC
4655, August 2006.
[RFC4657] Ash, J., Ed., and J. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation
Element (PCE) Communication Protocol Generic
Requirements", RFC 4657, September 2006.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC4674] Le Roux, J., Ed., "Requirements for Path Computation
Element (PCE) Discovery", RFC 4674, October 2006.
[PD-COMP] Vasseur, J.P., Ed., Ayyangar, A., Ed., and R. Zhang,
"A Per-domain path computation method for computing
Inter-domain Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched
Path (LSP)", Work in Progress, April 2007.
[PCE-POL-FMWK] Bryskin, I., Papadimitriou, D., Berger L., and J.
Ash, "Policy-Enabled Path Computation Framework", Work
in Progress, March 2007.
[RFC3785] Le Faucheur, F., Uppili, R., Vedrenne, A., Merckx, P.,
and T. Telkamp, "Use of Interior Gateway Protocol
(IGP) Metric as a second MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE)
Metric", BCP 87, RFC 3785, May 2004.
9. Contributors
Jerry Ash
AT&T
Room MT D5-2A01
200 Laurel Avenue
Middletown, NJ 07748, USA
Phone: +1-(732)-420-4578
EMail: gash5107@yahoo.com
Nabil Bitar
Verizon
40 Sylvan Road
Waltham, MA 02145
EMail: nabil.n.bitar@verizon.com
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Dean Cheng
Cisco Systems Inc.
3700 Cisco Way
San Jose, CA 95134 USA
Phone: +1 408 527 0677
EMail: dcheng@cisco.com
Kenji Kumaki
KDDI Corporation
Garden Air Tower
Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102-8460, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-6678-3103
EMail: ke-kumaki@kddi.com
Eiji Oki
NTT
Midori-cho 3-9-11
Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, JAPAN
EMail: oki.eiji@lab.ntt.co.jp
Raymond Zhang
BT
2160 E. Grand Ave.
El Segundo, CA 90245
USA
EMail: raymond.zhang@bt.com
Renhai Zhang
Huawei Technologies
No. 3 Xinxi Road, Shangdi,
Haidian District,
Beijing City,
P. R. China
EMail: zhangrenhai@huawei.com
Editor's Address
Jean-Louis Le Roux
France Telecom
2, avenue Pierre-Marzin
22307 Lannion Cedex
FRANCE
EMail: jeanlouis.leroux@orange-ftgroup.com
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