Network Working Group D. McPherson, Ed.
Request for Comments: 5311 Arbor Networks
Obsoletes: 3786 L. Ginsberg
S. Previdi
M. Shand
Cisco Systems
February 2009
Simplified Extension of Link State PDU (LSP) Space for IS-IS
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
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Abstract
This document describes a simplified method for extending the Link
State PDU (LSP) space beyond the 256 LSP limit. This method is
intended as a preferred replacement for the method defined in RFC
3786.
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RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
Table of Contents
1. Overview ........................................................2
2. Specification of Requirements ...................................3
3. Definition of Commonly Used Terms ...............................3
4. Utilizing Additional System IDs .................................4
4.1. Additional Information in Extended LSPs ....................4
4.2. Extended LSP Restrictions ..................................4
4.2.1. TLVs That MUST NOT Appear ...........................4
4.2.2. Leaf Advertisements in Extended LSPs ................5
4.2.3. IS Neighbor Advertisement Restrictions ..............5
4.2.4. Area Addresses ......................................6
4.2.5. Overload, Attached, Partition Repair Bits ...........6
4.3. Originating LSP Requirements ...............................6
4.4. IS Alias ID TLV (IS Alias ID) ..............................7
4.5. New TLVs in Support of IS Neighbor Attributes ..............7
5. Comparison with the RFC 3786 Solution ...........................8
6. Deployment Considerations .......................................8
6.1. Advertising New TLVs in Extended LSPs ......................9
6.2. Reachability and Non-SPF TLV Staleness .....................9
6.3. Normal LSP OL State and Use of Extended LSPs ...............9
6.4. Moving Neighbor Attribute INFO LSPs ........................9
6.5. Advertising Leaf INFO Extended LSPs .......................10
7. Security Considerations ........................................10
8. IANA Considerations ............................................10
9. References .....................................................11
9.1. Normative References ......................................11
9.2. Informative References ....................................11
1. Overview
[IS-IS] defines the set of LSPs that may be originated by a system at
each level. This set is limited to 256 LSPs. [IS-IS] also defines a
maximum value for an LSP (originatingLxLSPBufferSize) as 1492 bytes.
The carrying capacity of an LSP set, while bounded, has thus far been
sufficient for advertisements associated with an area/domain in
existing deployment scenarios. However, the definition of additional
information to be included in LSPs (e.g., multi-topology support,
traffic engineering information, router capabilities, etc.) has the
potential to exceed the carrying capacity of an LSP set.
This issue first drew interest when traffic engineering extensions
were introduced. This interest resulted in the solution defined in
[RFC3786]. However, that solution suffers from restrictions required
to maintain interoperability with systems that do not support the
extensions.
McPherson, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
This document defines extensions that allow a system to exceed the
256 LSP limit and do so in a way that has no interoperability issues
with systems that do not support the extension. It is seen as a
simpler, and therefore preferred, solution to the problem.
2. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [BCP14].
3. Definition of Commonly Used Terms
This section provides definitions for terms that are used throughout
the text. The terminology is consistent with that used in RFC 3786.
Originating System: A physical IS running the IS-IS protocol. As
this document describes a method that allows a single physical IS to
originate LSPs on behalf of multiple virtual ISs, the Originating
System represents the single physical IS.
Normal system-id: The system-id of an Originating System as defined
by [IS-IS].
Additional system-id: A system-id other than the "Normal system-id"
that is assigned by the network administrator to an Originating
System in order to allow the generation of Extended LSPs. The
Additional system-id, like the Normal system-id, must be unique
throughout the routing area (Level-1) or domain (Level-2).
Original LSP: An LSP using the Normal system-id in its LSP ID.
Extended LSP: An LSP using an Additional system-id in its LSP ID.
LSP set: All LSPs of a given level having the same system ID and
Pseudonode ID. (The LSPID field then only varies in the LSP number
octet.) This constitutes the complete set of link state information
at a given level originated using that system ID/Pseudonode ID. This
term is defined to resolve the ambiguity between a logical LSP and a
single Link State PDU -- which is sometimes called an LSP fragment.
The latter is the unit of information handled by the update process.
Extended LSP set: An LSP set consisting of LSPs using an Additional
system-id.
Extension-capable IS: An IS implementing the mechanisms described in
this document.
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Virtual IS: The system, identified by an Additional system-id,
advertised as originating the Extended LSPs. These LSPs specify the
Additional system-id in their LSP IDs.
4. Utilizing Additional System IDs
This extension allows an Originating System to be assigned additional
system-ids that may be used to generate additional LSP sets. The
additional system-ids are subject to the same restrictions as normal
system-ids, i.e., when used at Level-1, the additional system-id MUST
be unique within the Level-1 area. When used at Level-2, the
additional system-id MUST be unique within the domain.
Extended LSPs are treated by the IS-IS Update Process in the same
manner as normal LSPs, i.e., the same rules as to generation,
flooding, purging, etc. apply. In particular, if the Extended LSP
with LSP number zero and remaining lifetime > 0 is not present for a
particular additional system-id, then none of the Extended LSPs in
that Extended LSP set shall be processed.
4.1. Additional Information in Extended LSPs
The LSP number zero of an Extended LSP set MUST include the new IS
alias ID TLV defined in Section 4.4. This allows the Extended LSP
set to be associated with the Originating System that generated the
LSP(s).
4.2. Extended LSP Restrictions
The following restrictions on the information that may appear in an
Extended LSP are defined in order to avoid interoperability issues
with systems that do not support the extensions defined in this
document. All TLV references are based on the current definitions in
the IANA IS-IS TLV Codepoints Registry.
4.2.1. TLVs That MUST NOT Appear
The following TLVs MUST NOT appear in an Extended LSP:
TLV Name (#)
-----------
ES Neighbors (3)
Part. DIS (4)
Prefix Neighbors (5)
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If any of the TLVs listed above appear in an Extended LSP, an
Extension Capable IS MUST ignore those TLVs on receipt and SHOULD
report an error. Other TLVs in that Extended LSP set MUST be
processed normally.
4.2.2. Leaf Advertisements in Extended LSPs
Advertisement of leaf information in Extended LSPs is allowed.
Inclusion of such information requires the advertisement of a
neighbor between the Originating System and the Virtual IS associated
with the Extended LSP set in which the leaf advertisements appear.
See Section 4.2.3.
When leaf advertisements for multiple topologies (see [RFC5120]) are
included in an Extended LSP set, the multi-topology TLV (229) MUST
include all topologies for which a leaf advertisement is included.
The following TLVs fall into this category:
TLV Name (#)
-----------
IP Int. Reach (128)
IP Ext. Address (130)
The extended IP reachability TLV (135)
MT IP Reach (235)
IPv6 IP Reach (236)
MT IPv6 IP Reach (237)
4.2.3. IS Neighbor Advertisement Restrictions
Advertisement of IS Neighbor Reachability in an Extended LSP is
restricted to advertisement of neighbor reachability to the
Originating System. A neighbor to the Originating System MUST be
advertised in Extended LSPs. If multi-topology capability [RFC5120]
is supported, an MT IS Neighbor advertisement to the Originating
System IS MUST be included for every topology advertised in the
Extended LSP set. Neighbor advertisement(s) to the Originating
System in an Extended LSP MUST use a non-zero metric and SHOULD use a
metric of MaxLinkMetric-1.
The restrictions defined here apply to all TLVs used to advertise
neighbor reachability. These include the following TLVs:
TLV Name (#)
-----------
IIS Neighbors (2)
The extended IS reachability TLV (22)
MT-ISN (222)
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RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
4.2.4. Area Addresses
LSP number zero of an Extended LSP set MUST include an Area Address
TLV. The set of area addresses advertised MUST be a subset of the
set of Area Addresses advertised in the normal LSP number zero at the
corresponding level. Preferably, the advertisement SHOULD be
syntactically identical to that included in the normal LSP number
zero at the corresponding level.
4.2.5. Overload, Attached, Partition Repair Bits
The Overload (OL), Attached (ATT), and Partition Repair (P) bits MUST
be set to 0 in all Extended LSPs.
Note that ISs NOT supporting these extensions will interpret these
bits normally in Extended LSPs they receive. If the ATT bit were set
in an Extended LSP, this could indicate that the Virtual IS is
attached to other areas when the Originating System is not. This
might cause legacy systems to use the Virtual IS as a default exit
point from the area.
4.3. Originating LSP Requirements
The Original LSP set MUST include a neighbor to the Virtual IS
associated with each Extended LSP set generated. If multi-topology
capability [RFC5120] is supported, an MT IS Neighbor advertisement to
the Virtual IS MUST be included for every topology advertised in the
Extended LSP set. The neighbor advertisement(s) in the Original LSP
MUST specify a metric of zero. This guarantees that the two-way
connectivity check between Originating System and Virtual IS will
succeed and that the cost of reaching the Virtual IS is the same as
the cost to reach the Originating System.
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RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
4.4. IS Alias ID TLV (IS Alias ID)
The IS-Alias TLV allows extension-capable ISs to recognize the
Originating System of an Extended LSP set. It identifies the Normal
system-id of the Originating System.
Type 24
Length # of octets in the value field (7 to 255)
Value
No. of octets
+-----------------------+
| Normal System-id | 6
+-----------------------+
| Sub-TLV length | 1
+-----------------------+
| Sub-TLVs (optional) | 0 to 248
+-----------------------+
Normal system-id
The Normal system-id of the Originating System.
Sub-TLVs length
Total length of all sub-TLVs.
Sub-TLVs
No sub-TLVs are defined in this document. Should future
extensions define sub-TLVs, the sub-TLVs MUST be formatted as
described in [RFC5305].
4.5. New TLVs in Support of IS Neighbor Attributes
One of the major sources of additional information in LSPs is the
sub-TLV information associated with the extended IS reachability TLV
(22) and MT-ISN TLV (222). This includes (but is not limited to)
information required in support of Traffic Engineering (TE) as
defined in [RFC5305] and [RFC5307]. The restrictions defined in this
document prohibit the presence of TLV 22 and/or TLV 222 in Extended
LSPs except to advertise the neighbor relationship to the Originating
System. In the event that there is a need to advertise in Extended
LSPs such information associated with neighbors of the Originating
System, it is necessary to define new TLVs to carry the sub-TLV
information.
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Two new TLVs are therefore defined.
1) IS Neighbor Attribute TLV (23). It is identical in format to the
extended IS reachability TLV (22).
2) MT IS Neighbor Attribute TLV (223). It is identical in format to
the MT-ISN TLV (222).
These new TLVs MAY be included in Original LSPs or Extended LSPs.
Regardless of the type of LSP in which the TLVs appear, the
information pertains to the neighbor relationship between the
Originating System and the IS identified in the TLV.
These TLVs MUST NOT be used to infer that a neighbor relationship
exists in the absence of TLV 22 or TLV 222 (whichever applies) in the
Originating LSP set for the specified neighbor. This restriction is
necessary in order to maintain compatibility with systems that do not
support these extensions.
5. Comparison with the RFC 3786 Solution
This document utilizes the same basic mechanism (additional system-
ids) as RFC 3786 to allow an originating system to generate more than
256 LSPs. It differs from RFC 3786 in that it restricts the content
of Extended LSPs to information that does NOT impact the building of
a Shortest Path Tree (SPT).
Legacy IS-IS implementations which do not support the extensions
defined in this document see the Extended LSPs as information
associated with a system that is reachable only via the Originating
System. As no other systems are reachable via the Virtual ISs, the
Shortest Path First (SPF) calculation in legacy ISs is therefore
consistent with that performed by extension-capable ISs. There is
therefore no need for the two different operating modes defined in
RFC 3786.
There is also no need for the special handling of the original LSP
set and the Extended LSP set(s) as a single Logical LSP during the
SPF as specified in Section 5 of RFC 3786.
6. Deployment Considerations
There are a number of deployment considerations that limit the
usefulness of Extended LSPs unless all systems are extension-capable
ISs.
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6.1. Advertising New TLVs in Extended LSPs
As Extended LSPs MAY be utilized to advertise TLVs associated with
other protocol extensions (definition of which is outside the scope
of this document) and/or the extensions defined in Section 4.4 of
this document, it is obvious that the utilization of the information
in Extended LSPs by legacy IS-IS implementations will be limited.
The implication of this is that as implementations are revised to
support the protocol extensions that define new TLVs/sub-TLVs that
MAY be advertised in Extended LSPs; the implementation SHOULD also be
revised to support the extensions defined in this document so that it
is capable of processing the new information whether it appears in
normal or Extended LSPs.
6.2. Reachability and Non-SPF TLV Staleness
In cases where non-SPF information is advertised in LSPs, it is
necessary to determine whether the system that originated the
advertisement is reachable in order to guarantee that a receiving IS
does not use or leak stale information. As long as the OL bit is NOT
set by the Originating System in normal LSPs, reachability to the
Virtual IS will be consistent with reachability to the Originating
System. Therefore, no special rules are required in this case.
6.3. Normal LSP OL State and Use of Extended LSPs
If the Originating System sets the OL bit in a normal LSP, legacy
systems will see the Virtual ISs associated with that Originating
System as unreachable and therefore will not use the information in
the corresponding Extended LSPs. Under these circumstances,
Extension-capable ISs MUST also see the Virtual ISs as unreachable.
This avoids potential routing loops in cases where leaf information
is advertised in Extended LSPs.
6.4. Moving Neighbor Attribute INFO LSPs
Section 4.4 defines new TLVs that MAY be used to advertise neighbor
attribute information in Extended LSPs. In cases where neighbor
attribute information associated with the same context (e.g., the
same link) appears in both an Original LSP and in one or more
Extended LSP sets, the following rules apply for each attribute:
o If the attribute information does not conflict, it MUST be
considered additive.
o If the attribute information conflicts, then the information in the
Original LSP, if present, MUST be used. If no information is
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RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
in the Original LSP, then the information from the Extended LSP
with the lowest system-id SHALL be preferred.
o In cases where information about the same neighbor/link/attribute
appears in both TLV 22 and TLV 23 (or TLV 222 and TLV 223 for the
same MTID) then the information in TLV 22 (or TLV 222) MUST be used
and the information in TLV 23 (or TLV 223) MUST be ignored.
Utilization of the new TLVs for neighbor attribute information would
provide additional benefits that include:
o Elimination of the need for redundant IS neighbor TLVs to be
processed as part of the SPF.
o Easier support for a set of TE information associated with a single
link that exceeds the 255-byte TLV limit by allowing the
interpretation of multiple TLVs to be considered additive rather
than mutually exclusive.
6.5. Advertising Leaf INFO Extended LSPs
The need to advertise leaf information in Extended LSPs may arise
because of extensive leaking of inter-level information or because
of the support of multiple topologies as described in [RFC5120].
When leaf information is advertised in Extended LSPs, these LSPs
now contain information that MUST be processed in order to
correctly update the forwarding plane of an IS. This may increase
the frequency of events that trigger forwarding plane updates by
ISs in the network. It is therefore recommended that, when
possible, leaf information be restricted to the normal LSP set.
7. Security Considerations
This document raises no new security issues for IS-IS. For general
security considerations for IS-IS, see [RFC5304].
8. IANA Considerations
This document defines the following new ISIS TLVs that are
reflected in the ISIS TLV codepoint registry:
Type Description IIH LSP SNP
---- ----------------------------------- --- --- ---
23 IS Neighbor Attribute n y n
24 IS Alias ID n y n
223 MT IS Neighbor Attribute n y n
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RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[IS-IS] ISO, "Intermediate system to Intermediate system routeing
information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with
the Protocol for providing the Connectionless-mode Network
Service (ISO 8473)," ISO/IEC 10589:2002, Second Edition.
[RFC5305] Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
Engineering", RFC 5305, October 2008.
[RFC5307] Kompella, K., Ed., and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "IS-IS Extensions
in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)", RFC 5307, October 2008.
[BCP14] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC5120] Przygienda, T., Shen, N., and N. Sheth, "M-ISIS: Multi
Topology (MT) Routing in Intermediate System to
Intermediate Systems (IS-ISs)", RFC 5120, February 2008.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC3786] Hermelin, A., Previdi, S., and M. Shand, "Extending the
Number of Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-
IS) Link State PDU (LSP) Fragments Beyond the 256 Limit",
RFC 3786, May 2004.
[RFC5304] Li, T. and R. Atkinson, "IS-IS Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5304, October 2008.
McPherson, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 5311 Simplified Extension of LSP Space for IS-IS February 2009
Authors' Addresses
Danny McPherson (editor)
Arbor Networks, Inc.
EMail: danny@arbor.net
Les Ginsberg
Cisco Systems
EMail: ginsberg@cisco.com
Stefano Previdi
Cisco Systems
EMail: sprevidi@cisco.com
Mike Shand
Cisco Systems
EMail: mshand@cisco.com
McPherson, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC, FYI, BCP