Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) F. Ellermann
Request for Comments: 5538 xyzzy
Category: Standards Track April 2010
ISSN: 2070-1721
The 'news' and 'nntp' URI Schemes
Abstract
This memo specifies the 'news' and 'nntp' Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) schemes that were originally defined in RFC 1738. The purpose
of this document is to allow RFC 1738 to be made obsolete while
keeping the information about these schemes on the Standards Track.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/5538.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
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RFC 5538 'news' and 'nntp' URIs April 2010
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. 'nntp' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. 'news' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Query Parts, Fragments, and Normalization . . . . . . . . 5
3. Syntax of 'nntp' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Syntax of 'news' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.1. 'snews' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.2. 'news-message-ID' Access Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix A. Collected ABNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix B. Detailed Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Introduction
The first definition for many URI schemes appears in [RFC1738]. This
memo extracts the 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes from it to allow that
material to remain on the Standards Track if [RFC1738] is moved to
"historic" status. It belongs to a series of similar documents like
[RFC4156], [RFC4157], [RFC4248], and [RFC4266], which are discussed
on the list.
The definitions for the 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes given here are
updates from [RFC1738] based on modern usage of these schemes. This
memo intentionally limits its description of the 'news' URI scheme to
essential features supposed to work with "any browser" and Network
News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) server.
[RFC3986] specifies how to define schemes for URIs; it also explains
the term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL). The Network News Transfer
Protocol (NNTP) is specified in [RFC3977]. The Netnews Article
Format is defined in [RFC5536].
The key word "MUST" in this memo is to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119]. UTF-8 is specified in [RFC3629]. The syntax uses the
ABNF defined in [RFC5234].
2. Background
The 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes identify resources on an NNTP
server, individual articles, individual newsgroups, or sets of
newsgroups.
User agents like Web browsers supporting these schemes use the NNTP
protocol to access the corresponding resources. The details of how
they do this, e.g., employing a separate or integrated newsreader,
depend on the implementation. The default associated with
NNTP in [RFC3977] is 119.
2.1. 'nntp' URIs
The 'nntp' URI scheme identifies articles in a newsgroup on a
specific NNTP server. In [RFC3986] terminology, this means that
'nntp' URIs have a non-empty component; there is no
default as for the 'file' or 'news' URI schemes.
Netnews is typically distributed among several news servers, using
the same newsgroup names but local article numbers. An article
available as number 10 in group "example" on server
"news.example.com" has most likely a different number on any other
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server where the same article is still available. Users allowed to
read and post articles on "their" server may not be allowed to access
articles on an "arbitrary" server specified in an 'nntp' URI.
For these reasons, the use of the 'nntp' URI scheme is limited, and
it is less widely supported by user agents than the similar 'news'
URI scheme.
2.2. 'news' URIs
The 'news' URI scheme identifies articles by their worldwide unique
"Message-ID", independent of the server and the newsgroup.
Newsreaders support access to articles by their "Message-ID", without
the overhead of a URI scheme. In simple cases, they do this directly
as an NNTP client of a default or currently used server as configured
by the user. More general user agents use the 'news' URI scheme to
distinguish "Message-IDs" from similar constructs such as other URI
schemes in contexts such as a plain text message body.
The 'news' URI scheme also allows the identification of newsgroups or
sets of newsgroups independent of a specific server. For Netnews, a
group "example" has the same name on any server carrying this group,
exotic cases involving gateways notwithstanding. To distinguish
"Message-IDs" and newsgroup names, the 'news' URI scheme relies on
the "@" between local part (left-hand side) and domain part (right-
hand side) of "Message-IDs".
[RFC1738] offered only one wildcard for sets of newsgroups in 'news'
URIs, a "*" used to refer to "all available newsgroups". In common
practice, this was extended to varying degrees by different user
agents. An NNTP extension known as , specified in [RFC2980]
and now part of the base NNTP specification, allows pattern matching
in the style of the [POSIX] "find" command. For the purpose of this
memo, this means that some additional special characters have to be
allowed in 'news' URIs, some of them percent-encoded as required by
the overall [RFC3986] URI syntax. User agents and NNTP servers not
yet compliant with [RFC3977] do not implement all parts of this new
feature.
Another commonly supported addition to the [RFC1738] syntax is the
optional specification of a server at the beginning of 'news' URIs.
This optional component follows the overall [RFC3986]
syntax, preceded by a double slash "//" and terminated by the next
slash "/", question mark "?", number sign "#", or the end of the URI.
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2.3. Query Parts, Fragments, and Normalization
Fragments introduced by a number sign "#" are specified in [RFC3986];
the semantics is independent of the URI scheme, and the resolution
depends on the media type.
This memo doesn't specify a query part introduced by a question mark
"?" for the 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes, but some implementations
are known to use query parts instead of fragments internally to
address parts of a composite media type [RFC2046] in Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).
There are no special "." or ".." path segments in 'news' and 'nntp'
URLs. Please note that "." and ".." are not valid s.
URI producers have to percent-encode some characters as specified
below (Section 4); otherwise, they MUST treat a "Message-ID" without
angle brackets for 'news' URLs as is, i.e., case-sensitive.
3. Syntax of 'nntp' URIs
An 'nntp' URI identifies an article by its number in a given
newsgroup on a specified server, or it identifies the newsgroup
without article number.
nntpURL = "nntp:" server "/" group [ "/" article-number ]
server = "//" authority ; see RFC 3986
group = 1*( group-char / pct-encoded )
article-number = 1*16DIGIT ; see RFC 3977
group-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "+" / "_" / "."
In the form with an , the URL corresponds roughly to
the content of an header field as specified in [RFC5536],
replacing its more general by the
used with the NNTP.
A as specified in [RFC5536] consists of dot-
separated components. Each component contains one or more letters,
digits, "-" (hyphen-minus), "+", or "_" (underscore). These
characters can be directly used in a segment of a path in an
[RFC3986] URI; no percent-encoding is necessary. Example:
nntp://news.server.example/example.group.this/12345
A newsgroup name as specified in [RFC3977] allows (in
theory) any (see Section 6) and most printable
US-ASCII characters, excluding "!", "*", ",", "?", "[", "\", and "]".
However, [RFC5536] does not (yet) permit characters outside of
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and so, to keep the syntax simple, the additional
characters are here covered by as defined in [RFC3986],
since most of them have to be percent-encoded anyway (with a few
exceptions, such as ":", ";", and "~"). Example:
nntp://wild.server.example/example.group.n%2Fa/12345
In the form without , the URL identifies a single
group on the specified server. This is also possible with an
equivalent 'news' URL, and the latter is better supported by user
agents. Example:
nntp://news.server.example/example.group.this
news://news.server.example/example.group.this
4. Syntax of 'news' URIs
A 'news' URI identifies an article by its unique "Message-ID", or it
identifies a set of newsgroups. Additionally, it can specify a
server; when the server is not specified, a configured default server
for Netnews access is used.
newsURL = "news:" [ server "/" ] ( article / newsgroups )
article = msg-id-core ; see RFC 5536
The form identifying an is the from
[RFC5536]; it is a "Message-ID" without angle brackets. According to
[RFC3986], characters that are in (a subset of
), together with the character "%", MUST be percent-encoded
(though it is not wrong to encode others). Specifically, the
characters allowed in that must be encoded are
"/" "?" "#" "[" "]" and "%"
Note that an agent which seeks to interpret a 'news' URI needs to
decode all percent-encoded characters before passing it on to an NNTP
server to be acted upon.
Please note that "%3E" (">") is not allowed; is
otherwise identical to
id-left "@" id-right
as defined in [RFC5322].
The form identifying corresponds to the [RFC3977]
, a newsgroup name with wildcards "*" and "?". Any
"?" has to be percent-encoded as "%3F" in this part of a URI.
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Examples (the first two are equivalent):
news://news.server.example/*
news://news.server.example/
news://wild.server.example/example.group.th%3Fse
news:example.group.*
news:example.group.this
Without wildcards, this form of the URL identifies a single group if
it is not empty. User agents would typically try to present an
overview of the articles available in this group, likely somehow
limiting this overview to the newest unread articles up to a
configured maximum.
With wildcards, user agents could try to list matching group names on
the specified or default server. Some user agents support only a
specific without wildcards, or an optional single "*".
As noted above (Section 2.2), the presence of an "@" in a 'news' URI
disambiguates and for URI consumers. The new
construct specified in [RFC3977] does not require an
"@". Since [RFC0822], the "Message-ID" syntax has been closely
related to the syntax of mail addresses with an "@" separating left-
hand side (local part of addresses, unique part of message
identifiers) and right-hand side (domain part), and this memo sticks
to the known [RFC1738] practice.
5. Acknowledgments
Henry Spencer was the driving force to adopt MIME in Netnews; he
registered the MIME 'message/external-body' access type
'news-message-ID', discussed below (Section 8.2), in 1993 as recalled
in "Son-of-1036" [RFC1849].
"The 'news' URL scheme" [GILMAN], by Alfred S. Gilman (March 1998),
introduced additions to the original [RFC1738] 'news' URI scheme.
Some of these ideas are now widely supported and reflected by the
revised 'news' URI scheme specified here.
Thanks to Alfred Hoenes, Charles Lindsey, Clive Feather, Chris
Newman, Ken Murchinson, Kjetil T. Homme, Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen,
Martin Duerst, Matt Seitz, Nicolas Krebs, Paul Hoffman, Pasi Eronen,
Roy T. Fielding, Russ Allbery, Stephane Bortzmeyer, and Tom Petch for
their feedback, contributions, or encouragement.
Bill Fenner's _xml2rfc validator_ and _ABNF checker_ were a great
help in the creation of (not only) this memo. The same goes for
various great _IETF tools_ written by Henrik Levkowetz.
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6. Internationalization Considerations
The URI schemes were updated to support percent-encoded UTF-8
characters in NNTP newsgroup names as specified in [RFC3977] and
[RFC3987].
The Netnews Article Format in [RFC5536] does not yet allow UTF-8 in
s; therefore, well-known Unicode and UTF-8 security
considerations are not listed below. For an overview, see [UTR36]
and [RFC3629].
The work on Email Address Internationalization (EAI), started in
[RFC4952], is not expected to change the syntax of a "Message-ID".
7. Security Considerations
There are many security considerations for URI schemes discussed in
[RFC3986]. The NNTP protocol may use passwords in the clear for
authentication or offer no privacy, both of which are considered
extremely unsafe in current practice. Alternatives and further
security considerations with respect to the NNTP are discussed in
[RFC4642] and [RFC4643].
The syntax for the 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes contains the general
construct with an optional defined in
[RFC3986]. As noted in [RFC3986], the "user:password" form of a
is deprecated.
Articles on NNTP servers typically expire after some time. After
that time, corresponding 'news' and 'nntp' URLs may not work anymore
depending on the server. While a "Message-ID" is supposed to be
worldwide unique forever, the NNTP protocol does not guarantee this.
Under various conditions depending on the servers, the same
"Message-ID" could be used for different articles, and attackers
could try to distribute malicious content for known 'news' or 'nntp'
URLs.
If a URI does not match the generic syntax in [RFC3986], it is
invalid, and broken URIs can cause havoc. Compare [RFC5064] for
similar security considerations.
8. IANA Considerations
The IANA registry of URI schemes has been updated to point to this
memo instead of [RFC1738] for the 'news' and 'nntp' URI schemes.
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8.1. 'snews' URIs
This section contains the [RFC4395] template for the registration of
the historical 'snews' scheme specified in [GILMAN].
URI scheme name: snews
Status: historical
URI scheme syntax: Same as for 'news' (Section 4)
URI scheme semantics:
Syntactically equivalent to 'news', but using NNTP
over SSL/TLS (SSL/TLS with security layer is
negotiated immediately after establishing the TCP
connection) with a default port of 563, registered
as "nntps"
Encoding considerations:
Same as for 'news' (Section 6)
Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name:
For some user agents, 'snews' URLs trigger the use
of "nntps" instead of NNTP for their access on
Netnews
Interoperability considerations:
This URI scheme was not widely deployed; its
further use is deprecated in favor of ordinary
'news' URLs in conjunction with NNTP servers
supporting [RFC4642]
Security considerations:
See [RFC4642]; the use of a dedicated port for
secure variants of a protocol was discouraged in
[RFC2595]
Contact: (URI mailing list)
Change controller: IETF
References: RFC 5538, [RFC4642], [GILMAN]
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8.2. 'news-message-ID' Access Type
The MIME 'news-message-ID' access type was erroneously listed as a
subtype. IANA has removed 'news-message-ID' from the application
subtype registry, and has added it to the access types registry
defined in [RFC4289].
[RFC4289] requires an RFC (preferably on the Standards Track) for the
access types registry. To provide a definition meeting this
requirement, the following paragraph is reproduced verbatim from
[RFC1849]:
NOTE: In the specific case where it is desired to essentially make
another article PART of the current one, e.g., for annotation of
the other article, MIME's "message/external-body" convention can
be used to do so without actual inclusion. "news-message-ID" was
registered as a standard external-body access method, with a
mandatory NAME parameter giving the message ID and an optional
SITE parameter suggesting an NNTP site that might have the article
available (if it is not available locally), by IANA 22 June 1993.
Please note that 'news' URLs offer a very similar and (today) more
common way to access articles by their Message-ID; compare [RFC2017].
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3977] Feather, C., "Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)",
RFC 3977, October 2006.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter,
"Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax",
STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5536] Murchison, K., Lindsey, C., and D. Kohn, "Netnews
Article Format", RFC 5536, November 2009.
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9.2. Informative References
[GILMAN] Gilman, A., "The 'news' URL scheme", Work in Progress,
March 1998.
[POSIX] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6",
IEEE Standard 1003.1, 2004 edition.
[RFC0822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the format of ARPA Internet
text messages", STD 11, RFC 822, August 1982.
[RFC1738] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and M. McCahill,
"Uniform Resource Locators (URL)", RFC 1738,
December 1994.
[RFC1849] Spencer, H., ""Son of 1036": News Article Format and
Transmission", RFC 1849, March 2010.
[RFC2017] Freed, N. and K. Moore, "Definition of the URL MIME
External-Body Access-Type", RFC 2017, October 1996.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types",
RFC 2046, November 1996.
[RFC2595] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP",
RFC 2595, June 1999.
[RFC2980] Barber, S., "Common NNTP Extensions", RFC 2980,
October 2000.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC3987] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized
Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.
[RFC4156] Hoffman, P., "The wais URI Scheme", RFC 4156,
August 2005.
[RFC4157] Hoffman, P., "The prospero URI Scheme", RFC 4157,
August 2005.
[RFC4248] Hoffman, P., "The telnet URI Scheme", RFC 4248,
October 2005.
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[RFC4266] Hoffman, P., "The gopher URI Scheme", RFC 4266,
November 2005.
[RFC4289] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures",
BCP 13, RFC 4289, December 2005.
[RFC4395] Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, "Guidelines
and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes",
BCP 35, RFC 4395, February 2006.
[RFC4642] Murchison, K., Vinocur, J., and C. Newman, "Using
Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News
Transfer Protocol (NNTP)", RFC 4642, October 2006.
[RFC4643] Vinocur, J. and K. Murchison, "Network News Transfer
Protocol (NNTP) Extension for Authentication",
RFC 4643, October 2006.
[RFC4952] Klensin, J. and Y. Ko, "Overview and Framework for
Internationalized Email", RFC 4952, July 2007.
[RFC5064] Duerst, M., "The Archived-At Message Header Field",
RFC 5064, December 2007.
[RFC5322] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
October 2008.
[UTR36] Davis, M. and M. Suignard, "Unicode Security
Considerations", Unicode Technical Reports #36,
August 2006.
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Appendix A. Collected ABNF
In addition to the syntax given above, this appendix also lists the
sources of terms used in comments and the prose:
nntpURL = "nntp:" server "/" group [ "/" article-number ]
server = "//" authority ; see RFC 3986
group = 1*( group-char / pct-encoded )
article-number = 1*16DIGIT ; see RFC 3977
group-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "+" / "_" / "."
newsURL = "news:" [ server "/" ] ( article / newsgroups )
article = msg-id-core ; see RFC 5536
newsgroups = *( group-char / pct-encoded / "*" )
authority =
host =
pct-encoded =
port =
gen-delims =
msg-id-core =
reserved =
userinfo =
message-id =
UTF8-non-ascii =
wildmat =
wildmat-exact =
wildmat-pattern =
ALPHA =
DIGIT =
article-locator =
newsgroup-name =
xref =
Appendix B. Detailed Example
Here is an example of a mail to the
list with "Message-ID" .
is one of the various list
archives; it converts mail into Netnews articles. The header of this
article contains the following fields (among others):
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Message-ID:
Xref: news.gmane.org gmane.ietf.tools:742
Archived-At:
The "Xref" roughly indicates the 742nd article in newsgroup
on this server. An 'nntp'
URL might be . For
details about the "Archived-At" URL, see [RFC5064].
The list software and list subscribers reading the list elsewhere
can't predict a server-specific article number 742 in this archive.
If they know this server, they can however guess the corresponding
URL.
In theory, the list software could use the guessed 'news' URL in an
"Archived-At" header field, but if a list tries this, it would likely
use .
Using domain literals in a "Message-ID" could cause collisions. A
collision might force the mail2news gateway in this example to invent
a new "Message-ID", and an attempt to guess the future URL on this
server would then fail.
Author's Address
Frank Ellermann
xyzzy
Hamburg, Germany
EMail: hmdmhdfmhdjmzdtjmzdtzktdkztdjz@gmail.com
URI: http://purl.net/xyzzy/
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RFC, FYI, BCP